Dirty Tolerance Laws, Bad Schools And Schools Is Failing...

bad schools, bad polices and police fuel the school to prison pipeline It is estimated that 3.3 million children annually are expelled or suspended for violent or non violent offenses while attending school school. The majority of the offenses are nonviolent offenses that are handled just as harshly as violent school infractions due to zero tolerance laws. This essay will show how how zero tolerance laws, bad schools and policing in schools is failing millions of minority students and fueling the school to prison pipeline. the school to prison pipe line according to the national civil Liberties union â€Å"refers to policies and practices that push our nations schoolchildren, especially at risk minority black and Latino students, out of classrooms and into the juvenile and criminal justice systems† by way of harsh and vague discriminatory and punitive actions as many zero tolerance disciplinary policies and practices treat non-violent, a as well as violent offenses equally when it comes to expelling and suspending the mostly minority studen ts impacted by the policy..(www.aclu.org) Bad schools Zero tolerance laws Zero tolerance laws are enforcement policies that started in the 2008 as a â€Å"kids for cash† scandal and later after the columbine shooting the law went nationwide as a means to keep school students safe from violent school children who carry guns, knives and other dangerous weapons. 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Invisible Man Character Analysis Free Essays

Character Analysis of Griffin H. G. Wells character Griffin in The Invisible man is a private person who displays his arrogance and selfishness throughout his speech, actions, and interaction with others. We will write a custom essay sample on Invisible Man Character Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Griffin is a character of few words although still conveying a bold personality throughout his actions we learn about his selfish, arrogant mentality. As the quote goes â€Å"actions speak louder than words†. The persona of Griffin proves this right. Through his actions The Invisible Man’s being is revealed and ripped apart to show his selfish, arrogant personality. The very first action that sets the entire tone for this novel is the act of Griffin turning himself invisible. Griffin’s studies in this field were not very advanced up to this point. He had done some experiments on inanimate objects and even animals but never to a human. At first Griffin thinks of being invisible as being super human which he states â€Å"To do such a thing would be to transcend magic. And I beheld, unclouded by doubt, a magnificent vision of all that invisibility might mean to a man, -the mystery, the power, the freedom. Drawbacks I saw none. You have only to think! And I, a shabby, poverty-struck, hemmed-in demonstrator, teaching fools in a provincial college, might suddenly become-this. † Griffin, the Invisible Man never thought of the downfall that comes with the glory of experimenting on himself. Throughout the entire story Griffin is living with his mistake becoming a superficial human and doing whatever gets his personal gain. Experimenting without further studies shows Griffin’s risk taking personality of wanting the reward before the work. As The Invisible Man enters the story he is settling down in the Inn owned by Mr. and Mrs. Hall after arriving Griffin soon realizes that he left his entire life’s work in the downward part of Iping several hours away. Instead of Griffin doing this on his own he directly reveals himself to Mr. Marvel threatening him to retrieve his work. Griffin having no connection with Mr. Marvel and really no boundary of trust other than his black mail of killing him displays his risky, hungry for power mentality perfectly. Actions may speak louder than words but dialect will always still display the integrity of a character as done perfectly with short and to the point sentences done by H. G. Wells. Griffin’s dialect is direct and arrogant added with the mastery of subtle speech his character comes to life displaying his selfish, arrogant attitude. Right from the starting chapter you get a taste of Griffins arrogant and selfish attitude. Griffin in need of a room in Mr. and Mrs. Hall’s inn without prior relations demands a room free of charge, with his attire and attitude Griffin seems dangerous to which the inn keepers agree to his command. The way he is so straight forward in his own ways to provide shelter for himself display his thoughts of others as very cut throat. Throughout this tale Griffin never shows the human emotion of empathy or understanding for anyone but himself. It is apparent that he understands these emotions by artificially displaying them for personal gain. Kemp, an associate of Griffin during his early years before he turned himself invisible comes in towards the story while Griffin shows he really doesn’t want anything from Kent but help on turning himself back he tells him â€Å"Alone, there is so little I can do, but with a confederate, a thousand things are possible. † This quote displays that Griffin understands how to get to people and use them for the time being to only better his life, showing his selfishness. Griffin’s speech is a display of his personality but his treatment of other characters also displays his arrogance and selfishness. Griffin’s indirect but private sociable skills with others delve into his character and display just how arrogant and selfish he is. Griffin’s ability to keep his relationship with others is always ruined by him leading to hatred from many people during the story and show casing his selfishness. For example Griffin’s colleague Kemp throughout his college years was his best friend who throughout the years could read Griffin like a book revealing his greediness even before his experiment of turning invisible. Griffin seems to not even acknowledge his own ways in which is common for these two traits. In the first chapter you can already form an opinion of Griffin as he walks into the Inn demanding a room and throughout his entire stay he is rude, demanding and extremely selfish towards the well beings of others staying up making a ruckus, using vulgar language and being confrontational about his own disturbances give an image of Griffin being arrogant. Griffin treats others as unequal through his extreme selfishness and arrogance his character forms. H. G. Wells character Griffin in The Invisible man is a private person who displays his arrogance and selfishness throughout his speech, actions, and interaction with others How to cite Invisible Man Character Analysis, Essay examples

Significance of Cyber Security for Business-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Challenges in Cyber Security for Business. Answer: Introduction With the evolution of Technology, challenges and opportunities are also continued to evolve. The current society is highly dependent upon the digital technology and Internet in order to deal with almost all basic activities of everyday life. Hence, we are highly dependent upon the application of Technology. Alongside the positive aspects of this technology there are several threats that the society has to deal with in order to ensure smooth overall functioning. The rise of Cybercrime is one of the major threats to the use of digital Internet technology. As all the business operational activities are dependent upon Internet technology, the rise of Cybercrime cases has been a major threat to the business operations. The matters related to cyber security have become one of the crucial issues of worldwide business. The threat of the cyber security is associated with the risk of financial data breaches that can ultimately cause financial loss to all the major companies. As the technology has helped in optimisation of business operation, the simultaneous rise of cyber security threats has been a major challenge for all multinational corporations across the globe. Hence it is important to analyse the security threats that are associated with use of digital Internet technology in business in order to ensure maximum possible safety. Project Overview The current project will discuss about the major challenges that all business operations in the current days have to face due to rise of cyber security. This is the major reason for financial loss for many organisations. The project will aim to discuss about the existing literature related to cyber security crime that has compromised account the business operational activities. Project Scope The project will initially discuss about the opportunities in business that are generally associated with implication of digital technology. The key area of focus will be upon the challenges that all major business operations have encountered in the past due to Cybercrime. Some practical examples will be provided from previous research work. All the relevant literature of the topic will be discussed in the project. Finally, some important suggestions will be provided that will help to resolve the issue related to cyber security for business operations that is usually achieved by maximizing the level of digital security. Relevant articles that were published after 2010 will be selected for this literature review. Literature Review Definition of cyber security As new opportunities are being generated with the improvement of Technology, Wang, et al. (2010), have mentioned that there are always some threats that are simultaneously associated with these new opportunities. The threat of malware and virus has originated almost since the dawn of computing. The exposure of sensitive data in the cyber world has attracted various criminal activities throughout past many years. With the penetration of internet, it is estimated that nearly 3.4 billion users all across the globe is connected with the help of Internet service (Choo 2011). This has been the major cause of rise of Cyber-crimes across multiple disciplines that expand from hardware and software. In order to counter the increasing threat of Cybercrime, the technological experts all across the globe have initiated the practice of cyber security that is mainly aims to provide high level of security software that may not allow the hackers or cyber security experts to breach the level of safety . Hay et al. (2011), have mentioned that cyber security has been improving with the progress of digital technology. This is mainly done to neutralize the threats encountered by major business organisations all across the globe. As more business Corporation all across the globe is implementing the use of digital technology in business operational activities, it is expected that the total number of cases of Cybercrimes will significantly rise. Hence it is essential, to raise the level of awareness among the people in order to minimise that threat that can compromise on cyber security and improve its practice. Threats related to ransomware The research paper of Cardenas et al. (2009), have highlighted up on the risks associated with ransomware, which is a type of Malware software from crypto virology. This type of software is a major threat to all business activities as it has the potential to breach all classified information of a business organisation that can compromise upon the quality of the business plan. The major type of ransomware Malware can prevent the access of the user to deny their system by blocking the system screen. They can also deny the access to the digital files that are encrypted. The prediction made by the McAfee Labs in 2017, suggest that ransomware can be a major threat in the current and upcoming years for all major business organisations. Cyber criminals not only deny the access of company's own files that are stored in the cloud, it also demands high level of payment in order to free the victims from the threat of data breach. Elmaghraby and Losavio (2014), have mentioned that ransomware is becoming a fast cyber security threat for all business organisations with almost 40%of all global companies encountering this threat. This ransomware has been one of the most popular ways of attacking business and other large scale organisations. The ransom, who has designed the application of ransomware, can demand up to $50,000 from the business operations in order to relieve them from the cyber risks. A research report suggests that nearly 50% of the companies in UK, who has encountered the threat of ransomware, have agreed to pay up on the amount. However in America, 97% of the companies, who got attacked by ransomware did not eventually pay the amount. On the other hand 75% of the Canadian company has been reported to a ransom the amount for neutralizing the security threat (Li et al. 2012). This amount that is paid by business operations from all the major nations of the globe has been a cause of financial loss. This is one of the major challenges that the cyber security has to encounter in current days. Threat from Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks This type of thread is associated with multiple system flood of bandwidth, of resource targeted system in one or more web server users. This type of attack is mainly encountered when multiple level of system are being compromised due to high level of Internet traffic. There are special commands designed by cyber criminals in order to change the protocol of digital data base without the owner being aware about the fact. This can also deny introduction of new connection in the digital platform as currently most of the digital platforms are being burdened with high level of information (Jajodia et al. 2011). Large scale organizations like the BBC have been one of the major victims of DDoS attacks that have not allowed the users all across the globe to access their website. As a result the companys website cannot be accessed by the public causing a major social issue. In the current year there are a significant increase over the cases related to DDoS as more than 10 million cases of diff erent scales have been reported in all across the globe (Ericsson 2010). It is believed to be one of the easiest ways for the hackers to disturb the business operational activities. As the normal functioning of business organisations are being disrupted, it is not possible for them to communicate with customers. The online service quality is also highly compromised due to the fact that the clients are not able to get proper information about the business. The reputation of the business due to compromising of their online activities can go down significantly as the pace of their operational activities get significantly slower. In many cases business organisations are dependent upon financial transaction through online services. Due to DDoS, these financial transactions are ceased, thereby causing serious capital loss for the company. Threat in the Internet of Things (IOT) and Mobile malware It is estimated that there will be nearly 1.8 billion connected mobile devices among all consumers across the globe by the year 2019 (Choo 2010). With the large number of users being connected for business purposes, it will easily attract hackers and malware practitioners to easily breach the level of internet connection. The Internet of things is easily able to connect the mobile devices for business transaction process. This is believed to be one of the major progresses of mobile computing in business. With the latest electronic software and sensors being able to connect and exchange important data, there is a higher risk associated due to cyber security threats as the data can be misused by the hackers. The privacy threat is also one of the major concerns in this context as the mobile devices may contain important personal information of a business person. The mobile devices that are being sold in the digital market are mainly associated with the threat of Internet of things. The mobile devices also allow the manager and workers of a business organisation to easily communicate among themselves. There are also classified meetings held with the help of video conference using the mobile devices. With the threat in Internet of things, there is the risk that the information within the business communication may be leaked to the public domain. According to Lam (2016), with increased number of smartphone users all across the globe, large scale business organisations are dependent upon mobile computing as a part of their business plan. The E-Commerce form of business is one of the popular ways that business has developed in recent times the application of mobile technology. Nevertheless with increased level of mobile computing in business along with increased number of smartphone users, implication of mobile malwares has been one of them major source of threats. It is reported that the total number of mobile Malware attacks have risen 3 times within the past 2 years. There have been approximately 8.5 million mobile Malware cases that have been reported in this time (Liu and Wong 2017). Depending upon mobile banking for all major financial transaction has been one of the major advantages of business process in recent. It is also possible to make all financial transaction across different parts of the globe for multinational corporations with the help of mobile banking. Mrmol et al. (2016), have mentioned in the context that Trojans is one of the major mobile ransomware that has increased by 1.6 times in recent times that have able to hack all the major financial information from mobile banking service. Threats from internal sources Most of the cyber security threats that are encountered by business organisation are from external agents that includes all hackers and malware practitioners. Nevertheless, it has been reported that large scale corporations have also encounter cyber security threat from internal agents, which is also one of the major challenge in this context. The IBM has been one of the worst victims of internal cyber security threat in 2016. It has been found that 60% of internal classified data are being leaked to public domain, which has compromised upon the business blueprint planning process. It was believed that the internal employees have been an expert of Malware practicing which has allowed them to leak vital company information public domain in exchange of high financial transactions. He et al. (2016), believes that the cyber security threat from internal source is likely to go up in the upcoming years. This will mainly occur due to the fact that there will be high level of competition among business organisations, which will enforce them to employ unethical policies in the form of internal cyber security threats to get vital company information. Hence it is important for the organisation to provide high level of training to the employees in order to identify potential Malware activities within the internal operational department. Risk of fake advertisement and information With the rise of digital technology, there has been a significant rise of popularity of digital form of marketing. This is one of the popular ways implemented by all scale business firms in order to carry out their promotional activities by providing vital information to the target customer groups. Online advertising through various digital media platforms are the popular ways of using digital marketing. Cross et al. (2017), in this context have mentioned about the risks that are associated with fake advertisement that are often being published by hackers in order to misguide the customers. Few of the common examples include, fake advertisement in the name of Banking service which convinces the customers to provide detail about the bank account and credit card information which can then be easily hacked by the cyber criminals in order to gain the access for financial transactions. Fake advertisements can also use the logo of reputed brand in order to provide false information to the public thereby compromising upon the level of security and brand image of the company (Herrera et al. 2017). Ways to overcome that cyber security threat for business In order to ensure smooth functioning of business transaction process and make best use of the mobile computing and digital technology it is important for all major business corporations to neutralize the cyber security threat and minimise the risk that are associated. Harris and P. Patten (2014), have suggested an important step in order to reduce the risk of internal threat of Cybercrime. This process includes going back to the basics while providing training to the Employees that can help them to identify potential threats from Malware practitioners. Most of the companies are dependent upon online portals that can help their employees to provide operational functions. It is essential that the portals can only be accessed by authorised users and it can only be accessed from the internal server of the company. Keeping individual security password for all employees is also an essential part and once an employee leave the organisation, it is important to change the password in order to deny the access for ex-employees. It is also the duty of the company to employee special security team, who will have high level of expertise in order to neutralize the threats imposed by hackers and malware practitioners. It is also important for the security team to provide the access for all the digital platforms of the company in order to ensure that they are able to provide best quality of security service. With the help of the use of latest security software, it is possible for the organizations to make best use of the application of mobile computing in business operation process. Conclusion In conclusion it is important to note that with the Rise of the use of Internet and digital technology for business operational activities, there is a huge risk that are associated due to the activities of Cyber threat from hackers and malware practitioners. Most of the online cyber criminals use special software like ransomware in order to get vital company information and get the access of financial transaction process. Has more number of companies are dependent upon mobile computing; there has been a significant rise of total number of cases related to Cybercrimes that has affected the business process in past many years. The current literature has also focused upon the importance of the intervention measures that can be adopted by implementing latest security software in order to minimise the risk that are associated with cybercrimes. It is essential that the future research work to focus upon implementing improved security measures to minimise the risks associated with cybercrime. Reference Harris, M. and P. Patten, K., 2014. Mobile device security considerations for small-and medium-sized enterprise business mobility. Information Management Cardenas, A., Amin, S., Sinopoli, B., Giani, A., Perrig, A. and Sastry, S., 2009, July. Challenges for securing cyber physical systems. In Workshop on future directions in cyber-physical systems security (Vol. 5). Choo, K.K.R., 2010. Cloud computing: challenges and future directions. Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal justice, (400), p.1. Choo, K.K.R., 2011. The cyber threat landscape: Challenges and future research directions. Computers Security, 30(8), pp.719-731. Cross, S., Graves, J.T., Lens, J., Mueller, M., Pair, S., Sinema, K., Swire, P. and Worley, C., 2017. Cyber MayDay: Who Is in Command When Your Business is in the Crosshairs and How Do You Respond?. Elmaghraby, A.S. and Losavio, M.M., 2014. Cyber security challenges in Smart Cities: Safety, security and privacy. Journal of advanced research, 5(4), pp.491-497 Ericsson, G.N., 2010. Cyber security and power system communicationessential parts of a smart grid infrastructure. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 25(3), pp.1501-1507. Hay, B., Nance, K. and Bishop, M., 2011, January. Storm clouds rising: security challenges for IaaS cloud computing. In System Sciences (HICSS), 2011 44th Hawaii International Conference on (pp. 1-7). IEEE. He, H., Maple, C., Watson, T., Tiwari, A., Mehnen, J., Jin, Y. and Gabrys, B., 2016, July. The security challenges in the IoT enabled cyber-physical systems and opportunities for evolutionary computing other computational intelligence. In Evolutionary Computation (CEC), 2016 IEEE Congress on (pp. 1015-1021). IEEE. Herrera, A.V., Ron, M. and Rabado, C., 2017, June. National cyber-security policies oriented to BYOD (bring your own device): Systematic review. In Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI), 2017 12th Iberian Conference on (pp. 1-4). IEEE. Jajodia, S., Ghosh, A.K., Swarup, V., Wang, C. and Wang, X.S. eds., 2011. Moving target defense: creating asymmetric uncertainty for cyber threats (Vol. 54). Springer Science Business Media. Lam, J., 2016, June. IIET: Cyber security in modern power systems-Protecting large and complex networks. In Cyber Security in Modern Power Systems, IET (pp. 1-12). IET. Li, X., Liang, X., Lu, R., Shen, X., Lin, X. and Zhu, H., 2012. Securing smart grid: cyber attacks, countermeasures, and challenges. IEEE Communications Magazine, 50(8). Liu, F. and Wong, M., 2017. Challenges of Cyber Security and a Fundamental Way to Address Cyber Security. Cybersecurity and Privacy-Bridging the Gap, p.189. Mrmol, F.G., Prez, M.G. and Prez, G.M., 2016, July. I dont trust ICT: Research challenges in cyber security. In IFIP International Conference on Trust Management (pp. 129-136). Springer International Publishing. Wang, E.K., Ye, Y., Xu, X., Yiu, S.M., Hui, L.C.K. and Chow, K.P., 2010, December. Security issues and challenges for cyber physical system. In Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE/ACM Int'l Conference on Green Computing and Communications Int'l Conference on Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (pp. 733-738). IEEE Computer Society.

The Natural Scenery Of The Journey Tourism Essay Essay Example

The Natural Scenery Of The Journey Tourism Essay Paper Ecotourism was first put frontward by the particular advisor of IUCN, H A · Ceballos Lascurain in1983. It was non merely refers to all the natural scenery of the journey, but besides emphasized that the scenery should non be lost. Ecotourism, as a new type of touristry has become a hot subject for argument. To understand nature, enjoy nature, protect nature and non destruct the ecological balance is really of import. Tourists in natural, reliable, perfect scenery can enlighten and sublimate the head. There are many different benefits and impacts from ecotourism if people use it as a tool to do money or do other things. Because of this, people should raise of public consciousness to protect it. We will write a custom essay sample on The Natural Scenery Of The Journey Tourism Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Natural Scenery Of The Journey Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Natural Scenery Of The Journey Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Further more, there are many plans aimed at advancing it, including universe organisations and local organisations. Ecotourism, responsible touristry, A jungle touristry and sustainable development have become prevailing constructs since the late eightiess, and ecotourism has experienced arguably the fastest growing of all sub-sectors in the touristry industry. The popularity represents a alteration in tourer perceptual experiences, increased environmental consciousness, and a desire to research natural environment ( Randall, A. 1987, 55 ) The country this study will concentrate on is Malaysia, which is one of the states in Southeast Asia. Malaysia s natural landscape lends itself rather of course to eco-tourism. Visitors are able to plunge themselves in the many rainforest militias and well-sign aged Parkss throughout the state. There is truly no better topographic point in the universe to see alien vegetations and zoologies in their pristine tropical environment, so up near and personal! ( About-Malaysia, n. vitamin D ) About 75 % of Malaysia s land country is still forest, and about 60 % of it that is origin rain forest. In one meeting, Malaysia promised to maintain more than 50 % rain forests in the universe. As one of the diverse states in the universe, Malaysia has at least 15000 species of flowers and 286 species of mammals, etc. In recent old ages, many developing states have used the foreign net incomes from the ecotourism to protect the rain forest. Ecotourism is going the 2nd of import industry for the Malayan economic system. It has been said that Malaysia additions RM655 million per twelvemonth from ecotourism. Even so, there is still more to be done. Peoples need to cognize its pros and cons, at the same clip ; people should hold greater consciousness of it. Body There are so many Parkss for people to hold out-of-door activities in rain forest. Main Parkss are: Gunung Kinabalu, Kuala Selangor Nature Park, Taman Negara Pahang, Endau-Rompin Gunung, Mulu National Park. Ecotourism is caused by the deterioration of environment and the environmental motion development. It besides needs public consciousness to maintain the nature balance. The rain forest in Malaysia is the oldest wood in the universe so that demand more careless and more notice. More people have no instruction, which causes them has no consciousness that protect the rain forest. It is reported that the degree of young person consciousness based on their educational background and cognition ( wcyf2009, n.d ) . As worlds, everybody should hold the responsibility to analyze good and value the ecology. Malaysia has decided to concentrate on ecotourism as the future way in touristry development in order to make greater consciousness among the universe community on the importance of conserving the natural and cultural heritage, Tourism Minister Leo Michael Toyad said in his written address in the concluding twenty-four hours of the International Media and Environment Summit ( IMES ) . ( R edorbit, Saturday, 3 December 2005, 09:00 CST ) which is claimed that authorities has already paid attending to the ecotourism that is incorporating rain forest. Rainforest belongs to everyone, but more and more rain forests are being destroyed by the people who are selfish. Harmonizing to the study, 80 % of the rain forests belong to the populace, but community, personal and corporate proprietor ship and direction in increasing. Therefore, they treat the rain forest random so that there are many rainforest fade off. On the other manus, some rain forest besides under the influence of natural forces, such as fire, drouth and storm. Even so, it can normally through the ecological system of residuary life and rapid sketch, which is different topographic point with semisynthetic devastation. To sum up, everyone should derive more consciousness about rain forest and do nature more beautiful. The rain forest in Malaysia is progressing society, economic system and environmental issues. It besides provides many new opportunities for the investing and employment so that more people have their ain wage and more companies have been run. Furthermore, the development of rain forest keeps the nature balance. Rainforest would derive visitants interesting and gratifying experiences every bit good as the chance to appreciate the natural environment and observation birds. The natural is really beautiful and pleasant to people s eyes. Peoples will experience relaxed when they hear the birds vocalizing and see the natural scenery. It non merely helps to dirty and biological growing, besides has the map of modulating clime. Rainforest helps Malaysia develop the economic system and raise financess. It appealed to more people s attending and travel to there to see the natural. ( See table 2 ) Comparison with 1986 to 1990, the plans of allotment has a important addition from 1991 to 1995, which is besides a ground for why so many visitants go to Malaysia. Rainforest is good for people healthy and can salvage more wildlife. it offers tourists a scope of activities in which they may prosecute to see and to the full appreciate the ecotourism experience such as caving, hike, jungle trekking, white H2O rafting, stone mounting, bird observation, plunging and river cruising. ( touristry, n. vitamin D ) Rainforest is a good topographic point for cultivating people s moral character. The tabular array i1i?†°is about the development allotment for touristry Under 50 and 60 Malaysia programs plans Fifth program ( 1986-1990 ) Sixth program ( 1991-1995 ) allotment outgo allotment Preservation of national/historical heritage 1.5 0.7 4.1 Tourist adjustment 2.0 0.0 171.7 Beautification and environmental protection 2.5 2.5 43.6 Cultural merchandise development 2.5 2.5 112.9 Facilities and substructure 79.2 76.7 157.4 other 52.8 49.7 7.2 entire 140.5 132.1 533.9 ( www.unescap.org.2010, Mohd Nawayai Yasak, n.d, 85 ) Although rain forest has big returns for Malaysia, it still confronting many negative impacts -including the people was enforced to go forth their places and their rights are violated. It besides causes many environmental jeopardies. Anything about ecotourism may impact the sustainable development of society. The system of it has fiscal and political influence. there is a tenseness in this relationship because eco-tourism frequently causes struggle and alterations in land-use rights, fails to present promises of community-level benefits, amendss environments, and has plentifulness of other societal impacts. ( no day of the month, wikipedia ) Ecotourism sometimes fail to acquire the end of environment protection. Although it survives for little groups, it besides causes many force per unit areas on the local environment and necessitate another investing for the base installing. If it has weak substructure, the H2O pollution and air pollution will no ways to work out so that ecotour ism besides leaves behind rubbish and pollution, Through the sustainable development of agribusiness save rain forest which is going a major issue in this universe. As people increased consciousness, more and more people arrival to Malaysia for a better life. Visitor s reachings have steadily increased from 1987 to 2007. ( See table 2 ) While advancing the natural attractive forces in the state to tourers, the Malayan Government besides realizes the importance of sustainable touristry and of equilibrating preservation and development. As such, the Ministry of Tourism, Malaysia, has adopted the National Ecotourism Plan ( NEP ) to supply policies and guidelines for the painstaking development of ecotourism.A A ( touristry, 200810. ) In Malaya, both local and authorities can set the engineering to the local people s agricultural undertakings to advancing the sustainable of rain forest. Through the agribusiness can avoid wholly destroy rain forest, the system of agribusiness and forestry can keep rainforest system, dirt and biologica l diverseness to a higher degree of ordinary agricultural engineering. The agribusiness engineering can be applied to larger rain forest and old ages of workss in yearly, at the same clip, the direction and cost may increase, the negative factors may countervail the income of variegation and maintain the map of rain forest. A The tablei2i?†° is about International Arrivals in Malaysia ( Tourism Malaysia website.2010 ) A A Decision In amount up, rainforest in Malaysia is good for the environment, civilization, economic system and people s healthy. Rainforests represent a shop of life and take a breathing renewable natural resources that for eons, by virtuousness of their profusion in both carnal and works species, have contributed a wealth of resources for the endurance and wellbeing of world. ( rain-tree, 2010/03/20 ) Therefore people need more public consciousness to protect it and believe out more ways to work out the jobs about nature balance. Ecotourism is most of import portion in people s support. In order to halt pollution, people should cover with it more careful. Appendix ( The chief Parkss in Malaysia )

The eNotes Blog 3 Important Ways to Brighten the Future of Reading in theU.S.

3  Important  Ways to Brighten the Future of Reading in theU.S. Reading a great book for pleasure can be a magical experience for kids. It takes them to new places, lets them relive history, and teaches them about worlds they would never encounter in real life. Unfortunately, a study on the state of reading in the United States has recently revealed some disheartening statistics: did you know 66 percent of 8th graders tested below proficient in reading, according to The Nation’s Report Card? The problem: reading is one of the most important skills for a child to have- it will follow them through the rest of their schooling and career, in every way. Luckily, as an educator, you have the power to change these statistics, teaching your students a love of reading that will carry through their entire lives. 83% of kids say they love when parents read a loud to them. In our online world, books are collecting a thick layer of dust, including those in your students’ houses. Start a reading incentive program for students and their parents- the student that reads the most at home each month gets to choose a free book of their choice. Reading together as a family not only helps students build their own love of reading while developing important reading skills, but it also helps to establish a bond between parent and child. The average child spends 7 hours a day in front of a screen. EdTech is the new normal for teachers- and for a good reason. Technology helps you engage students and reach those who are struggling. However, reducing the amount of screen time in the classroom, even once a week, will motivate students to sit down with a book. Not to mention, limiting screen time can have a variety of other non-reading benefits- children who spend more time in front of a screen have more behavioral problems, sleep disorders, and higher rates of obesity. Encourage students to use technology to find the books they want to read- looking up titles on the library’s website- and then sit down in the classroom library to read it. Encourage parents to limit screen time by swapping a TV night for a family book night, where the TV stays off and everyone grabs their favorite book to settle in for a night of reading great stories. You could do this independently or read aloud together as a family. 52% of students love class reading time; only 17% of teachers do this. The best part about this statistic is that kids want to read more in the classroom, independently and as a group. Despite the focus on testing and teaching to the test, there are many ways to build more reading time into the school day. For example: Encourage more students to read aloud  during lessons. Give students 30-minutes of silent reading time once a week. Build reading into other lessons- reading non-fiction books is a great way to explore history, science and geography topics. Assign a weekly current event, requiring each student to read one non-fiction article at least once a week. If you or your school can’t afford more reading materials for the classroom, buy discounted books and magazines when there are small budget openings- the more there is to read, the more likely students are to do it. Reading is one of the most important skills a student can have, and you are in a powerful position to make a change for the better. Consider how you can make a difference in your classroom and motivate parents to do the same at home. This is a guest post from contributing writer, Jessica Thiefels.  Jessica Thiefels is the editor of Whooo’s Reading and an education blogger, who’s been featured in publications such as EdTech Digest and Daily Genius. Her favorite books growing up were My Side of the Mountain and The Giver, and she hopes to inspire a similar love of reading in students and educators.

Mexico CitysTlatelolco Massacre

Mexico City'sTlatelolco Massacre One of the ugliest and most tragic incidents in the modern history of Latin America took place on Oct. 2, 1968, when hundreds of unarmed Mexicans, most of them student protesters, were gunned down by government police and Mexican army forces in a gruesome bloodbath that still haunts Mexicans. Background For months preceding the incident, protesters, again most of them students, had been taking to the streets to bring the attention of the world to Mexicos repressive government, led by President Gustavo Diaz Ordaz. The protesters were demanding autonomy for universities, the firing of the police chief and the release of political prisoners. Dà ­az Ordaz, in an effort to stop the protests, had ordered the occupation of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, the countrys largest university, in Mexico City. Student protesters saw the upcoming 1968 Summer Olympics, to be held in Mexico City, as the perfect way to bring their issues to a worldwide audience. The Tlatelolco Massacre   On the day of Oct.2, thousands of students marched throughout the capital, and around nightfall, about 5,000 of them congregated at La Plaza de Las Tres Culturas in the district of Tlatelolco for what was expected to be another peaceful rally. But armored cars and tanks quickly surrounded the plaza, and the police began firing into the crowd. Estimates of casualties vary from the official line of four dead and 20 wounded into the thousands, although most historians place the number of casualties somewhere between 200 and 300. Some of the protesters managed to get away, while others took refuge in homes and apartments surrounding the square. A door-to-door search by authorities yielded some of these protesters. Not all of the victims of the Tlatelolco Massacre were protesters; many were simply passing through and in the wrong place at the wrong time. The Mexican government immediately claimed that security forces had been fired upon first and that they were only shooting in self-defense. Whether the security forces fired first or the protesters incited the violence is a question that remains unanswered decades later. Lingering Effects In recent years, however, changes in government have made it possible for a closer look into the reality of the massacre. The then-minister of the interior, Luà ­s Echeverrà ­a Alvarez, was indicted on genocide charges in 2005 in connection with the incident, but the case was later thrown out. Movies and books about the incident have come out, and interest is high in Mexicos Tiananmen Square. Today, its still a powerful subject in Mexican life and politics, and many Mexicans see it as the beginning of the end for the dominant political party, PRI, and also the day the Mexican people stopped trusting their government.

Nonprofit Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nonprofit Analysis - Essay Example The organization recruits kindhearted people who can volunteer to help the disabled in the society. Because of this, the heart has become an essential logo for the organization. Minis and Friends invite donations from different people regardless of their age or livelihood. The organization uses the donations to provide for the needy. Museum of Indian Culture Museum of Indian Culture is a nonprofit organization that focuses on education and the preservation of culture. This organization perpetuates the history of the Indian culture and enables Indians to reflect on their origin. It also aims to bring different people together regardless of their cultural differences. The organization also recognizes other American Indian tribes and aims at uniting them with the other Indians (Worth, 2012). The Museum offers educational guidance to Indians across the world. It organizes special events that seek to recognize the Indian culture. The Museum appoints different Indians to offer educational guidance to other Indians to create awareness. The appointment of Indians to help with educational guidance has promoted interactions between Indians. This has encouraged people to ignore their cultural differences and relate to each other as colleagues. ... The organization has a vision of ensuring that homeless families do not live in the streets. The organization seeks to achieve this Christian principle and vision in all countries across the world (Worth, 2012). It has a goal of building houses for different homeless families across the United States. It has focused on this goal because many families are not able to afford better housing. Because of this, Morris Habitat for Humanity has collaborated with the housing ministry in the United States to build new housing for families. It uses the funds and donations received to build houses for families. The organization builds houses for families irrespective of their religion and race. Its central goal is to encourage the provision of good housing facilities. Florence Crittenton Services Florence Crittenton Service's central intention is to assist parents with their parental responsibility. This Christian nonprofit organization assists parents in raising healthy families. The organizati on provides guidance to parents with an aim of raising successful families. Other than helping parents, Florence Crittenton Services help different families to interact with the community (Worth, 2012). The interaction between families and communities promotes peaceful coexistence. The organization also seeks to promote a healthy bond between living families. It is based upon Christian values and principles because of its family vision. The goal of the organization is to empower teenagers to live a drug free life. It promotes this goal through collaborations with the teenager’s parents. This Christian organization helps in bringing up self-sufficient families that play a role in community building. It also helps teenagers to evade the sexual

Global Management and Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global Management and Leadership - Essay Example There are various functional departments such as finance, operations, Human Resources, Wholesale, Direct Sales, Information Technology, Marketing, Merchandise, Property, Sales, Supply Chain and Design. The heads of all these departments report to the CEO. The CEO along with other directors forms the board of directors which takes crucial organizational decisions. Such an organizational structure suits a company like Pumpkin Patch whose lines of business are quite few. This organizational structure enables appropriate designation of responsibilities (Organizational Chart Pumpkin patch, 2010). Pumpkin patch has been following an aggressive growth strategy which is not constrained by geographical boundaries. The company has retail stores in 4 countries as well as wholesale association in 16 countries. 80% of company’s revenues come from outside New Zealand. The company is listed on the New Zealand stock exchange and has more than 200 stores worldwide. It has strong financial stat ements and cash flows. A large part of the company’s sales comes through online sales. This indicates its adaptability to modern technologies, tastes and lifestyles. 2. Weaknesses As Pumpkin Patch grows, relying on a simple organizational structure as present could be risky. There would be a need to include structural components based on geography and lines of business. For example, there could be geographical heads for 4 prime geographical regions the company caters to (Organizational Chart Pumpkin patch, 2010). Pumpkin Patch’s turnover is still a fraction of the top retailers in United States and has a long way to go in spite of its recent scalability. 3. Opportunities Pumpkin Patch has a number of opportunities in all 3 channels of sales it uses i.e. Retail, Wholesale and Direct (Internet). In retail segment, the company has been relying solely on margins rather than volumes. Pumpkin Patch needs to scale up even faster to gain a significant market share in the crowd ed U.S. market. For this, the company can make use of franchise model. In the wholesale segment, the company needs to have strategic collaborations with top multi-brand retail chains such as Spencer’s and Wal-mart. Internet market is the best opportunity Pumpkin Patch can make use of. This is a relatively new sales channel and Pumpkin already has a significant presence there. It has not been exploited to its potential by competitors. This should be treated as a priority. The aim should be to generate at least half of the sales from this channel in coming years (Pumpkin patch Limited, 2007). 4. Threats Pumpkin has a significant mind space among the customers. However, U.S. children’s clothing market is highly crowded. There are well known reputed brands such as Gap, Next, Mango, Zara, Billabong, Gymboore and others (Pumpkin patch Limited, 2007). Scaling up in wake of this intense competition would be a difficult task and involve marketing and infrastructure spends. With huge store opening costs, the company may not be able to realize economies of scale with small stores. References Organizational Chart Pumpkin patch. (2010). Retrieved online January 18, 2012 from Pumpkin patch Limited. (2007). Macquarie Securities Data Related Information from PART 2 Relevance of Core Competencies Core competency is the unique capability of a firm that cannot be easily imitated and provides it a unique competitive edge. Core competencies

Cal by Bernard Mac Laverty - Critical Evaluation Essay Example for Free

Cal by Bernard Mac Laverty Critical Evaluation Essay Cal is a romantic-tragedy novel written by the Irish author, Bernard Mac Laverty. It is a fiction story about a young man living in Northern Ireland during the troubles of the 1970s. The writer conveys a number of significant themes through skilful writing and the novels plot, such as guilt, hypocrisy and bigotry. In this essay, I will be focusing on the themes of the story, the purpose of why the novel was written and the authors use of imagery to enhance his writing. The events of this story take place in Northern Ireland in the 1970s. During the period of time in which this story is set in, Northern Ireland was going through what we would now refer to as being The Troubles. This was a period of conflict involving republican and loyalist paramilitary organisations and included conflicts and violence. Cal is about a young adult named Cal who is living in Northeren Ireland at this time. He is a Catholic living in a Protestant area with his father, Shamie. This leads to him being the victom of many bigotry driven attacks, such as his house being burnt down and to him being insulted on his own street. He starts to fall in love with a woman named Marcella, which, from the very beginning, is a doomed relationship. This is because a year earlier Cal was reluctantly involved in the murder of a Protestant policeman, who was, in fact, Marcellas husband. Cal becomes closer and closer to Marcella as the novel goes on, and you find out more about the murder as the plot develops. He then lands himself a job at Mrs. Mortons farm, the mother of Marcellas husband, Robert. This brings him even closer to Marcella and they start to have a relationship with each other. This relationship becomes even more intense when Cal is offered to stay in Mrs. Mortons outhouse (as his house had been burnt down). He is then arrested at the end of the novel, for the murder of Robert. The ending of the story was very skilfully done. Near the end of the story, Mac Laverty builds up massive tension through certain events in the plot. It is then all concluded in a small, yet effective, paragraph. It tells us enough information to feel satifsfied, yet wanting to know more. It leaves key questions in the readers mind such as whether he deserved it or not and what will be his fate. I believe that the plot is a very important aspect of the story as it develops the mood and atmosphere and it is the events which take place which allow the themes to be conveyed. All the characters in Cal have complicated lifes. Most of them have good and bad sides and are all affected in different ways by the troubles. Cal is nineteen years old. He lives with his father and he is a Catholic. He is caught up with the IRA (Irish Republican Party) and takes part in a number of crimes which he does not want to be part of. After he joined, he had to do what they asked, such as when Cal thinks of the things the IRA do: They shoot deserters even deserters who protested that they had never joined in the first place. This quotation shows that Cal is scared of Crilly and Skeffington (members of the IRA) and that he is in danger. It also shows that Cal never wanted to take part in the violence making it sound stupid that they would shoot him. This whole section shows that Cal is vunerable. The writer makes out that Robert is a hard working loving man throughout the story. For example, when Marcella is telling Cal about her husband: He was so plausible one of those people that everybody likes in company. This quote shows that Robert was popular and was a worthy man, and there is also evidence showing that he was witty and intelligent. However, we later find out that he was not all what he was meant to have been, as Marcella confesses to Cal: He told lies, Cal. All the time. About his affairs I know he had two or three at least about his drinking and the money he spent This is an example of how the characters have both good and bad characteristics. Despite this, Marcella still loved him and was distraught when he was murdered. This also makes the characters more realistic, which lets the reader relate to the different characters in Cal. It also creates the question of who was too blame for The Troubles which relates to the theme and purpose of the novel, which I will be discussing later in this essay. All of the characters are affected by the troubles as well, as most of their problems are due to that situation. For example, if it was not for the troubles, then Cal would not have been involved with the IRA and Robert wouldnt have been murdered, taking problems out of all of the characters lives. All of the characters features reflect the themes, such as Cals characteristic of being vunerable, leading to his self loathing and guilt. There are many themes in the novel Cal. One of these themes that I will be focusing on is the theme of hypocrisy. Hypocrisy means the pretence of possessing virtues, beliefs or qualities that one does not really have, especially in matters of religion or morality. One way in which the author displays this theme is via specific characters, such as Crilly. Crilly is part of a gang who are fighting for independence from Great Britain. For example, when Skeffington is talking about Crilly: There are not many aspects of our culture which interests Mr Crilly. But hes a useful man. This quote shows that Crilly does not care about Irish independence and culture but is only in the gang as he likes the thrill of violence. It also shows that the IRA are not offended about his beliefs but just want him to help with their struggle. This shows them being hypocritical as they kill people who do not believe or reject their views, but someone who does not care about Irish independence can help with the violence. Another way in which hypocrisy is showing is through thoughts of characters and their dialogue. This is taking from a part where Dunlop (Cals Protestant employer) is talking to Cal about the situation in Northern Ireland: Would you do the same to the Loyalist prisoners every time a Catholic was murdered? Dunlop thinks that for any Protestant policeman who is murdered by a Catholic, two Catholics should be shot. This quotes shows that Dunlop is a hypocrite as he would shoot two Catholics every time a Protestant policeman was murdered but not if it was the other way around. This also shows that Dunlop is a bigot, which ties in with my next theme, bigotry. A bigot is a person who is obstinately or intolerantly devoted to their own religion, or opinion. Bigotry is the main cause of fear and violence in the story. One night, Cal and his father receive a note stating: GET OUT YOU FENYAN SCUM OR WELL BURN YOU OUT. THIS IS YOUR 2ND WARNING, THERE WILL BE NO OTHER UVF This clearly diplays pure bigotry. Cal and his father are being threatened to leave their home of many years, just because of their religion. This quote also shows how ignorant the UVF are, as they have spelt fenyan wrongly. This leads to Cal and his father being fearful, for example: Shamie was putting the gun beneath his pillow and climbing into bed This shows that Cals father has to keep a weapon underneath his pillow as there is a constant threat of violence. Another theme which has been cleverly developed is the theme of guilt. Cal feels guilty about his involvement in the killing of Robert, which leads to his self-loathing. At the start of the novel, the writer makes this very obvious: Merde. Crotte de chein. Merderer. Cal hates himself so much, that he makes up words to describe himself. The word merderer has a possible two meanings; it shows that he is guilty and secondly it shows his self loathing. As he becomes more and more involved with Marcella, his guilt increases: Now that he felt safe from the world outside he was being attacked from within his own head This quote is taken from the section where he is living and working with Marcella. It shows that guilt is eating him up and is destroying him and his life. The author also uses writing techniques to convey the theme of guilt: It was as if idleness had allowed dirt to accumulate on his [Cal] soul, to clog his mind, and work moved him through it untouched Mac Laverty uses this metaphor to show how Cal was brooding over Mortons death and his involvement. It also shows that he thinks that he deserves to go to hell for what he has done. When Marcella tells Cal about what Robert was really like, it complicates his guilt as he now knows that Robert sometimes brought misery to Marcella, and maybe it was good that Robert was murdered. All of these themes show the writers purpose in writing. He shows bad and good sides to both Protestant and Catholic organisations, leading to us to wonder which is the good side in the novel. The story also shows us how difficult and violent Northern Ireland was at that time in history, and how deeply everybody was affected. To an extent, the way the author writes also shows aspects of him being a bit ashamed of his country, due to the negative details and feelings he writes about. Mac Laverty uses a range of techniques to create the mood and atmosphere in the novel. One of these techniques, is his use of imagery. The story starts with this mood with the author describing the scenes taking place in an abattoir: It was immediately winched up by one of the hind shanks and its throat cut The author uses a lot of violence and blood imagery at the start of the novel to set the tone of the book. Other evidence which shows this use of evidence is that there are a lot of deaths and murders mentioned in the novel. An example of this is when Cal and his father are watching the news and the author describes the events that had happened, which were mainly murders and violence, in a way which seemed to be normal. Death permeates the novel as does religion. There are often references to the Bible and to religious symbols throughout the novel. Symbolism is another technique that Mac Laverty uses. There is also symbolism to certain fairytales, such as when Marcella is talking to Cal about her daughter, Lucy: Lucys favourite story at the minute is Repunzel This is significant as Marcella feels like she is trapped because she tries to do the right thing. The plot has been structured in a sophisticated way. The story has two climaxes: one in the middle and the other at the end. The first one occurs when the writer tells you about the death of Robert. This is significant as there is a huge tension built up before you find out. The author does this via short clues which are spread out throughout the novel and short sentences. The second climax is done in a similar way, but the paragraph in which it concludes, is quick and snappy and tells of only the most significant point, which is Cal being arrested. The dialogue of the novel is very realistic. The author does this by using Irish forms of slang, such as da instead of dad, and explicit language. The writer also uses great techniques to enhance his writing: His sin clawed at him, demanding attention The writer personifies the idea of the sin, describing the feeling of it clawing, to give the idea of Cals guilt and how is is destroying him and is eating him up. The verb clawing is associated with violence and adds to the imagery that the author uses to enhance his novel and to create the atmosphere. I thoroughly enjoyed reading Cal. It made me realise how lives can be ruined due to situations which do not even involve them. The themes of the novel also made me more aware about some peoples views and how they can sometimes be full of violence and hatred. It showed me what life was like in Ireland in those days and how we have to try to avoid anything so destructive from happening again.

Female Suicide Bombers Essay -- essays research papers

Female Suicide Bombers Suicide bombers have become today’s weapon of choice. Middle Eastern terrorists are using suicide bombers because they are low cost, low technology, and a low risk weapon. Suicide bombers have also become readily available, requiring little training, leaving no trace behind, and strike fear into the general population. The success of suicide bombers depends upon an element of surprise, as well as acceptability to targeted area or populations. Both of these required fundamentals have been enjoyed by women suicide bombers. Female suicide bombers were used in the past; however, the recent spat of them in different venues and for different terrorist organizations has largely increased. In order to understand what propels a woman to engage in violence during war, it is imperative to first understand the complexities of terrorism in the Arab – Israeli conflict, including its prehistoric history, and the roles women have played in warring relative to their cultural norms. There are several reasons that make women engage in this horrific act of violence but they can be counted down as being only a few. Hardly anyone would disagree that war is a heart-wrenching ordeal and that it brings dark anguish upon the people of the society being defended. Yet, war also has a flip side for those engaged in direct fighting as well as those witnessing it. War brings on feelings of exhilaration and states have come to view it as a natural and necessary endeavor that must be undertaken in order to maintain the survival of the nation (Elshtain 24). Oddly enough, the emotions felt by militant Middle Eastern women as they do battle have been described as seductive, rebellious, exciting, sense of purpose, sense of freedom (Elshtain 42). Moreover, there is no shortage of romance for even during warring, women’s femininity continues to lie deep within their spirits. Still they must project a strong persona, one who is just as capable as the men are. Repeatedly, combative women respond to their calling and they do it with remarkable charm and valor. Women’s roles in societies have customarily been distinguished from those of men. Their roles in warring also have been clearly delineated and boundaries unmistakably demarcated. Society, through its body of rules and its numerous institutions, has conventionally dictated their boundaries of militancy. Assisting in... ...ty of Tulkrm. Although profiling suicide bombers may be a fascinating academic challenege, it is less relevant in the real world struggle against terrorism than understanding the people that operate as terrorist leaders. It makes much sense to then be more concerned with structural issues: almost nobody does this as an individual. The need is pointed out to counter terrorist organizations since suicide organizations is an organizational phenomenon, the struggle against it can not be conducted on an individual level (Stern 203). Most important, organizations only implement suicide terrorism if their community approves of its use. Research shows that terrorist organizations will continue to use suicide bomber tactics and employ female suicide bombers. A comprehensive counter terrorism plan should recognize the increasing potential for the use of female suicide bombers. The struggle then must continue to lead the way against this terrible way of thinking. With more time and research, it will be easier to understand the real motives and truth behind the thinking of these Middle Eastern women, since they have now gotten to the point in also believing that dying is greater than living.

Group Dynamics and Leadership Essay

Abstract: Why are some teams successful and others unsuccessful? What criteria or attributes are needed for success? Contemporary teaching and learning practice over the past few years in higher education institutions has seen a proliferation of open-ended constructivist learning designs that incorporate collaboration. This has promoted the need for identifying essential attributes needed for successful teamwork. This study reviews the literature with a view of identifying a framework that educators can use to help promote effective teamwork in their classes. A case study is used to investigate two teams of final year multimedia students completing a project-based unit, in which teamwork was an essential ingredient and immersed in an authentic context. Attributes gleaned from the literature for successful teamwork was used to compare the two diverse teams. Keywords: Teamwork, higher education, authentic environment Introduction With the shift from a predominately instructivist to constructivist pedagogy the need for tertiary educators to use a variety of teaching strategies and methods is becoming increasingly important. Learning designs need to incorporate student-centred team based learning pedagogy such as project-based, case-based, inquiry-based and problem-based scenarios (Oliver, 2001). Students need to be immersed in learning environments that promote real learning in real contexts. Teams and teamwork help to promote deep learning that occurs through interaction, problem solving, dialogue, cooperation and collaboration (Johnson & Johnson, 1995). These learning designs promote the construction of knowledge as they are embedded in a social experience with a team environment (Vygotsky, 1978). Effective teamwork can affect the successful delivery and implementation of these learning designs. Tertiary educators cannot assume students will the knowledge, understanding and skills needed to create and contribute to a synergistic team environment. Through a review of the literature, this paper identifies a range of attributes considered necessary for successful teamwork. These are then used to compare two contrasting teams with a view of confirming their validity through a case study. Research has provided a number of attributes required for successful teamwork. Many of these attributes have been consistently identified in the literature. Table 1 provides a summary of literature on the successful attributes needed for effective teamwork as follows: †¢ Commitment to team success and shared goals – team members are committed to the success of the team and their shared goals for the project. Successful teams are motivated, engaged and aim to achieve at the highest level; †¢ Interdependence – team members need to create an environment where together they can contribute far more than as individuals. A positive interdependent team environment brings out the best in each person enabling the team to achieve their goals at a far superior level (Johnson & Johnson, 1995, 1999). Individuals promote and encourage their fellow team members to achieve, contribute, and learn; †¢ Interpersonal Skills includes the ability to discuss issues openly with team members, be honest, trustworthy, supportive and show respect and commitment to the team and to its individuals. Fostering a caring work environment is important including the ability to work effectively with other team members; †¢ Open Communication and positive feedback – actively listening to the concerns and needs of team members and valuing their contribution and expressing this helps to create an effective work environment. Team members should be willing to give and receive constructive criticism and provide authentic feedback; †¢ Appropriate team composition is essential in the creation of a successful team. Team members need to be fully aware of their specific team role and understand what is expected of them in terms of their contribution to the team and the project; and †¢ Commitment to team processes, leadership & accountability – team members need to be accountable for their contribution to the team and the project. They need to be aware of team processes, best practice and new ideas. Effective leadership is essential for team success including shared decision-making and problem solving. Case Study Final year students enrolled in the Interactive Multimedia course at Edith Cowan University are required to develop skills and expertise in managing the design and development of client web sites. The unit IMM 3228/4228 – â€Å"Project Management Methodologies†, uses teams of  four or five students to utilise their specialist skills to meet a â€Å"real need† for an industry client. Team roles include programmers, graphic designers and project managers. There were 82 students (20 teams) completing this unit. The aim was to have students experience project management issues that occur when dealing with â€Å"real† clients in â€Å"real† projects and was heavily focused on teamwork and problem solving. The environment was based on the learning principles of authenticity, self-regulation and reflection (Luca & Oliver, 2001). Features included student contracts, journals (for self/peer assessment & reflection), â€Å"Conference Centre† for problem solving, bulletin boards, time management tools, syllabus and assessment materials, lecture notes, legal/QA templates, relevant URL’s, web sites and assignments developed by previous students and a student details database. Within this setting, two teams were selected for investigation. One team was highly successful in developing a quality product, and collaborated in a highly successful manner. Another team, experienced severe team problems, which caused it to become dysfunctional and had to be split. Data was collected on both of these teams from focus groups sessions, interviews and questionnaires that were recorded and transcribed for analysis. A summary of the results is discussed below with reference to key attributes needed for successful teamwork as outlined in   participants understand their purpose and share their goals – the co mbination achieves mission (Francis & Young, 1979) members must share a strong common goal (Kets De Vries, 1999) groups provide each member of the team with prestige and recognition (Scarnati, 2001) successful teams are motivated to succeed (Bradley & Frederic, 1997) there is strong team commitment to succeed (Critchley & Casey, 1986) members have strong shared values and beliefs (Kets De Vries, 1999) engaged in and satisfied with their work (Wageman, 1997) creation of a team atmosphere that is informal, relaxed, comfortable and non-judgemental (Harris & Harris, 1996) †¢ promote group cohesion (Bradley & Frederic, 1997) †¢ people enjoy regular interaction with individuals who have similar interests and goals (Scarnati, 2001). Interdependence †¢ one cannot succeed unless the other members of the group succeed (Smith, 1996) †¢ together the group can deliver more than the individuals who compromise it could do in isolation (Francis & Young, 1979) †¢ team members must work together effectively to produce successful systems (Bradley & Frederic, 1997) †¢ team members interact to help each other accomplish the task and promote one another’s success (Smith, 1996) †¢ team members build on the capabilities of their fellows – the combinations energised through synergy (Francis & Young, 1979) †¢ team members must take an interest in both the group and each individuals achievement (Harris & Harris, 1996) †¢ team members must never be fully self-directed or completely independent (Johnson, Heimann, & O’Neill, 2000) †¢ teams are often empowered to accomplish tasks not available to individuals (Scarnati, 2001) †¢ Individuals experience a wide range of new ideas and skills when interacting with team members (Scarnati, 2001) †¢ team members learn together so that they can subsequently perform better as individuals (Smith, 1996) Successful Team This team of students was highly successful in developing a quality product, as well as being highly collaborative. Their journal entries continually reflected positive comments about other team members, and at no stage during the semester was there a request or requirement to transfer marks from one team member to another. Team meetings were always friendly, and at no stage were team issues discussed as being problematic. The team always focused on the project and how the process of development could be improved by exploring expectations of the tutor, client and end users. An analysis of the data collected from this team indicated that they showed the attributes needed for successful teamwork. In almost all of their responses in interviews, focus group meetings and questionnaires it was evident that this team was committed to: Commitment to team success and shared goals – the team was highly focused on delivering a quality product, and not pre-occupied by personal issues that might have interrupted this objective. They facilitated and nurtured positive, cooperative-working relationships based upon the focus of developing a quality final product that would impress their client tutor, peers and end users. The whole team was strongly motivated to out-perform other teams and shared a strong common goal of wanting to develop a product that would support their chances of gaining employment at the end of the course. This was evident in almost all of their responses; Interdependence – the team members felt that they had a responsibility towards the other members of the team and that the success of the project was based upon each team member’s contribution. Team members were always happy to help peers when they were experiencing difficulties. The team would proactively brainstorm problems individuals team members were having and offer assistance if needed; Interpersonal skills – the team recognised that team members had different personalities and experienced problems at different stages. They showed consideration for each other, respected and supported others in difficult times. Open communication and positive feedback – the team recognised that it was a â€Å"healthy thing† to discuss problems or difficult issues and try to offer constructive help/criticism in trying to resolve these. They strongly valued open dialogue that enabled team members to express their concerns in a non-defensive manner. They were open and truthful about all aspects of the project; Appropriate team composition – this team was proactive in selecting their team members well in advance for this unit. They had carefully considered the skills needed for each team member, and also the type of personality for each team member. These were carefully discussed and considered by two team members four months before the unit commenced; Commitment to team processes, leadership & accountability – team members were all aware of the importance of everyone’s role within the team and the process used by the team to plan and track the timing and quality of required tasks. The project manager was well respected by the team, and always consulted the team before making any major decisions. Also, the team had a number of quality assurance procedures which helped monitor activities as well as individual team members’ accountabilities; Unsuccessful Team Another team of students experienced severe team problems, which caused it to become dysfunctional and had to be split. At the first peer assessment session, marks were transferred between team members, as it was perceived that some team members weren’t contributing. Even though agreement was made at this meeting that marks should be transferred, and suggestions were made about how to improve the situation, resentment amongst team members escalated. This was clearly evident from the comments being made through the confidential on-line journal entries each week. The tutor had several meetings with the project manager and individuals to help try to resolve issues, but to no avail. At one of the team meetings a serious disagreement occurred, in which one of the team members verbally berated another, from which point there was no reconciliation. After this altercation, team members felt they could no longer work together, so even though they would experience a heavier workload, they unanimously agreed to split and form two separate teams. An analysis of the responses given by the successful team indicated that this team had a strong awareness of the attributes needed for successful teamwork. Comparing responses from this team against the key attributes needed for successful teams shown in Table 1, it was evident that this team was not congruent with these criteria: Commitment to team success and shared goals – one team member was highly motivated to achieve a high quality product, though two others were content with merely just gaining a pass i.e. they were happy to put in minimal effort. This mismatch of expectations caused many problems and frustration for team members early in the semester; Interdependence – two team members were highly competitive in this team that negated the development of a synergistic team environment. They were highly focused on our own tasks, and were not interested in helping others who may have been having problems. If others weren’t performing, then the attitude was that peer assessment should be applied, rather than trying to support and help the individual. This caused a lack of team cohesion and cooperation, a feeling of disempowerment, and resulting in the eventual split of the team; Interpersonal skills – the team showed little consideration for each other and gave almost no support for others in difficult times. Team members seemed unaware and very surprised that they had upset other team members by their comments. They seemed to have not detected they were hurting others feelings by their comments and the approaches taken to solve team problems; Open communication and positive feedback – comments made by team members indicated that peers were inconsiderate of their situation and problems, and were not inclined to discuss problems, as they would only attract criticism and negative feedback. This resulted in team members not communicating freely or discussing their problems that had potentially damaging effect on the team; Appropriate team composition– this team was formed haphazardly. Three of the original team members had a quick discussion in the class and decided to make a team, and another team member arrived a week later, so the team agreed to accept them in their team, as they needed to make a team of four. Expectations and skill were not carefully considered; Commitment to team processes, leadership & accountability – the project manager happened to be the youngest in the team, and didn’t command the respect needed. Team members often complained about team meetings being a waste of time, and also of team members being late or contributing effectively. One team member felt that he was not included in decision-making and did not receive all communication regarding the progress and development of the project from the project manager. The overall management of this team was perceived to be ineffective by most of the team members; Summary and Conclusions This study compared how well two teams performed by comparing attributes identified for successful teamwork, as shown in Table 1. From the results it is evident that these attributes played an important role in determining the success of these teams. The results show a compelling relationship between how the teams embraced these six attributes, and how successful the team was in collaborating and developing a quality product. The results from this study indicate that these key attributes need to be carefully considered by both tutors and students when teamwork activities are proposed. Further research needs to be considered on how best to implement these strategies in a methodological fashion to ensure tutors and students acknowledge and understand the importance of how to implement each attribute i.e. a template outlining implications for best practice when designing and implementing constructivist learning designs which incorporate teamwork activities. References Bradley, J. H., & Frederic, J. H. (1997). The effect of personality type on team performance. Journal of Management Development, 16(5), p. 337-353. Critchley, B., & Case, D. (1986). Teambuilding – At what price and at whose cost? In A.Mumford (Ed.) Handbook of Management Development. Gower Publishing Company Limited, University Press Cambridge Fisher, S. G., Hunter, T. A., & Macrosson, W. D. K. (1997). Team or group? Managers’ perceptions of the differences. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 12(4), 232-242. Flynn, G. (1997). How do you know if your work teams work? Workforce, 76 (5), May p. 7 Francis, D., & Young, D. (1979). Improving Work Groups. San Diego, California: University Associates. Harris, P. R., & Harris, K. G. (1996). Managing effectively through teams. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 2(3), 23-36. Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (1995). Social Interdependence – Cooperative Learning in Education. In B. Bunker & J. Z. Rubin (Eds.), Conflict, Cooperation, and Justice (pp. 205-251). San Francisco: JosseyBass Publishers. Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (1999). Learning Together and Alone: Cooperative, competitive, and individualistic learning ( 5th ed.). Needham Heights: Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon. Johnson, P. R., Heimann, V. L., & O’Neill, K. (2000). The wolf pack: team dynamics for the 21st century. Journal of Workplace Learning: Employee Counselling Today, 12(4), 159-164. Kets De Vries, M.F.R. (1999) High-performance teams: Lessons from the Pygmies. Organisational Dynamics, Winter, p. 66-77. Luca, J., & Tarricone, P. (2001). Does emotional intelligence affect successful teamwork? Proceedings of the th 18 Annual Conference of the Australasian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education at the ASCILITE, p. 367 – 376, Melbourne: University of Melbourne. Luca, J., & Oliver, R. (2001). Developing Generic Skills through On-line Courses. Paper presented at the EdMedia 2001, Tampere, Finland. Oliver, R. (2001). Developing e-learning environments that support knowledge construction in higher education. Presented at the 2nd International We-B Conference, p. 407 – 416. Perth, Western Australia. Parker, G. M. (1990). Team Players and Teamwork. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Scarnati, J. T. (2001). On becoming a team player. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 7(1/2), 5-10. Smith, K. (1996). Cooperative Learning: make groupwork work. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 67, Fall, pp. 71-82. Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Wageman, R. (1997). Critical success factors for creating superb self-managing teams. Organsiational Dynamics, 26 (1), Summer, 49-62.

Does Parole Work?

Does parole work? That is an important question as it relates to criminal justice and more specifically community corrections. How do we measure if parole is working? One way is to look at the recidivism rate of parolees. This policy paper will take an in depth look at this question. Also, this paper will study the current parole policy, my policy recommendations, and finally my conclusion of this problem. Parole is a very important tool for criminal justice in the United States of America. But does this tool work in reducing reoffending by released prisoners.Statement of the ProblemDoes parole work? One way to measure this by looking at recidivism rates by paroled prisoners who are released after serving their time. The proper question should be, does parole work in reducing recidivism rates? In the U.S. Justice System, parole is a thoughtfully used community correction option (Walker, 2015, p.288). One way to look at this is politically. The two sides are the right or Republicans and the left or Democrats. The right said that high-risk predators are let go into society and the left stated that release outcomes were based on less than scientific standards (Walker, 2015, p.288). The left's position was formed before sentencing guidelines were established (Walker, 2015, p.288). According to Samuel Walker, parole provided valuable tools to both inmates trying to get out and prison officials trying to get compliance from inmates. Parole was also a way to combat the ever-rising population in correction institutions (Walker, 2015, p.288). According to an Urban Institute study (2009) it queried, does parole work on reducing recidivism rates of released inmates? The answer after studying the statistics is it has little to no effect on re-offending or parole violations committed by former inmates (Walker, 2015, p.289). The Urban Institute study (2009) did not say the practice of releasing prisoners early or the idea of parole was a bad idea. However, they found there is no system of community corrections that performs better than another system (Walker, 2015, p.289). According to Christopher Zoukis (author and contributor for the Huffington Post), examining statistics of greater than 25,400 ex-prisoners released home-free or on community corrections during 2005 revealed 49.3% had been rearrested within eight years of release. The study included arrests for new crimes and for violating their conditions of parole. The ex-inmates that were released in 2005 included 31.7% that were convicted and 24.7% who were incarcerated again (https://www.huffingtonpost.com/christopher-zoukis/report-documents-us-recid_b_9542312.html). The re-arrest rates for released ex-inmates (52.5%) was greater than those released on probation (35.1%). According to the study, most released or paroled individuals committed new offenses within two years of their release at an average of 21 months (https://www.huffingtonpost.com/christopher-zoukis/report-documents-us-recid_b_9542312.html). Parole was meant to reintegrate prisoners back into society as productive members of society not as an opportunity to reoffend. This creates new victims and cost tax payers millions in the mechanizations of the criminal justice system (Zoukis, 2017).Current PolicyHere is the current United States Parole policy as follows: Federal prisoners serving a sentence of less than thirty years prior to November 1987 can apply for an initial parole hearing within 120 days of being incarcerated. This can happen through an application process for eligible prisoners (https://www.justice.gov/uspc/how-parole-works). According United States Department of Justice, D.C. Code offenders get a parole hearing sometime in the nine months before they become eligible for parole. The date is determined by the Bureau of Prisons. Inmates who get parole are given a date of release based on the parole release guidelines. These guidelines have been developed to make release decisions fair for all inmates giving credence to the system used (https://www.justice.gov/uspc/how-parole-works). Federal prisoners are entitled to interim hearings every eighteen to twenty-four months. The Parole Commission holds these hearings that are dependent upon the length of the prison term. During these hearings the Parole Commission must decide if there are enough positive or negative factors to legitimize changing the original release date (https://www.justice.gov/uspc/how-parole-works). D.C. A review is done before the release date of each inmate. This is done to assess the prisoner's record while incarcerated and they have met conditions of release (https://www.justice.gov/uspc/how-parole-works). Inmates are given a decision of their parole hearings by a Notice of Action. Federal inmates can appeal any parole decision if they feel that they have been treated unfairly by the Parole Commission. This appeal will trigger a subsequent review by the National Appeals Board (https://www.justice.gov/uspc/how-parole-works). According to the United States Department of Justice, prisoners of the federal system let out on parole or through mandatory release must report to their parole officer upon release. Paroled inmates must follow a set of rules set-up to aid in supervision and keep the public safe. D.C. offenders let go are supervised by the Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency (https://www.justice.gov/uspc/how-parole-works). If the parolee commits a new offense and/or violates the terms of their release, then the Parole Commission is contacted. The Parole Commission then puts out a warrant for the parolee's arrest and the parolee is picked up. Finally, a hearing is called to rule on the allegations and if the parolee is found in violation of their terms of parole, they may be returned to prison to serve out the rest of their prison sentence (https://www.justice.gov/uspc/how-parole-works). Why is the parole policy and procedures not alleviating the recidivism rates of offenders? The main problem is that parole makes certain assumptions or predictions when releasing offenders into community corrections. When it comes to parole, the United States Justice system has been trying to predict who will be successful on parole since the 1920's. Experts have tried out many formulas that attempt to predict what individuals will have success on parole. They hope these predicting formulas show who is ready to re-enter our society. These experts have had little success in predicting who is ready for release. The fact is that they are no closer today then they were in the 1920's (Walker, 2015, p.290). According to Samuel Walker, Martinson and McKenzie stated that only particular programs work for certain inmates. Matching these inmates to the program that works best for them is a shot in the dark. Even using risk prediction instruments, like in California, is no more efficient than other programs (Walker, 2015, p.290).Policy Recommendations/Action PlanMy policy recommendations are three-pronged. First, after the offender is released, the government should aid in employment. This would allow the offender to become a productive member of society and they would be able to earn a living. This would save the taxpayers millions by not having to pay for further incarceration. The next prong would be helping with housing for the first six months after release. Although this would cost the taxpayers, it would still be cheaper than housing them in prisons and the cost of all the procedures in the criminal justice system. Finally, therapy specific to an offender's needs would be beneficial for the offender and basically everyone in our society. This would help provide mental tools to aid in rehabilitation. The biggest hurdle to implementing my recommendations would be how do you pay for it? I believe this would also cause political problems. Providing funding for government programs usually does create political push back. I believe policy makers would be on board for employment and therapy. I do not believe they would support the housing.ConclusionDoes the United States parole policy work? When we release offenders on parole, is there a big difference in the recidivism rates versus that of offenders serving out their full term in prison? The answer is sadly no. The problem with all community corrections is that it creates a prediction problem. As we all know, predicting human behavior is at best fifty/fifty. I do believe the policy recommendations I made would help, but it is not one-hundred percent fool proof. It all comes down to free will and free choice.Works CitedUnited States Department of Justice. (2015). How Parole Works. Retrieved from https://www.justice.gov/uspc/how-parole- works.Walker, S. (2015). Sense and nonsense about crime, drugs and communities. Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning.Zoukis, C. (2017, December 6). Report Documents U.S. Recidivism Rates for Federal Prisoners. Huffington Post. Retrieved from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/christopher-zoukis/report-documents-us-recid_b_9542312.html.