Ludwig Mies van der Rohes New National Gallery, Berlin

Ludwig Mies van der Rohes New National Gallery, Berlin The closest Ludwig Mies van der Rohe got to realising his vision of the column-free pavilion? Was this final expression of his ideas of canonical significance for 20th Century architecture? The New National Gallery in Berlin was Ludwig Mies van der Rohes last design. Throughout his career he had been employing the same central ideas he was concerned with to most of his designs, gradually developing and refining them. In order to understand his last building, said to embody successfully all the ideas he was most passionate about, it is important to see how these evolved from building to building over the years. Then one can consider this final expression of his ideas as a result of a lifetimes worth of work and assess it in terms of its significance in Modern Architecture. Since the 1920s, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe had been focusing on evolving two types of forms which could be adapted to a range of situations; the skeletal framed building with small cellular spaces ideally designed for office and apartment buildings and the single volume pavilion where a larger completely flexible space is needed. At a time of rapid and continuous change, it made sense for Mies van der Rohe to develop the latter, the infinitely flexible space. Contrary to the largely known notion by Louis Sullivan that form follows function, Mies believed that buildings should be designed with the least amount of fixed elements so as to be as flexible as possible and ready to adapt as their functional requirements change over time. His designs since 1921 are a demonstration of his quest for flexible space. He was pursuing open and flowing rather than closed and cellular. The New National Gallery is widely considered the most developed expression of such a space. In this project, Mies had the opportunity to create the infinitely flexible interior but also incorporate two more of his most important notions; appropriate and visible structure and fluidity between interior and exterior. Miess most central principles synthesized into a single pavilion of powerful scale and presence. Miess journey from his first buildings to the embodiment of his most significant ideas in the New National Gallery was anything but a straight line. However, there were significant steps that marked the development of his idea of the column-free pavilion. These significant stages were outlined by Miess pupil and future associate Peter Carter. The idea of an open and flowing space first materialized in the house designs of Frank Lloyd Wright where living areas are fairly open and interconnected. Wrights open plan designs excited architects all over Europe. However, it was Mies who took the idea of the de-cellurization of the building further. His sequence of space-liberating designs from about 1920 onwards changed the way in which architects thought. Miess Brick Country House was his first development of the free-plan interiors that Frank Lloyd Wright had introduced. It was a long way before the creation of the completely unobstructed interior space, but an important move in this direction, as in this project Mies started subdividing the interior by free standing walls rather than conventional ones. He only let walls to meet as L or T junctions to allow the interior space to flow freely from one room to the other and out into the landscape. Although this merely constituted the first step in his pursuit of open flowing space, Mies van der Rohe had already taken the concept of spatial continuity and fluidity much further than anything proposed by Wright. Though he had started removing interior walls, the exterior of the Brick Country House remained solid. The next step towards his open flowing space was abolishing the division between interior and exterior space. The opportunity to apply this was the Barcelona pavilion; one of the most influential designs of the 20th Century. In this project, Mies transformed practical, conventional walls into abstract planes freely disposed as in a De Stijl composition. In the De Stijl movement, artists simplified visual compositions with the use of primary colours and straight horizontal and vertical lines. In the Barcelona pavilion, walls are not functional in the conventional way. Instead of supporting the roof and separating specific rooms, these planes loosely define space. What is also unclear and undefined in this project, is the division between the interior and the exterior space, another important step towards his open-flowing space. After substituting load-bearing walls with slender columns, the next step to the Miesian transparent pavilion was to remove columns from the interior completely and placing them on the outside perimeter of the building. This would render possible the interior to be completely unobstructed from any fixed elements and theoretically make it totally flexible. This was first seen in his Concert Hall project in 1942. Lastly, in the Farnsworth House in Plano, Mies van der Rohe would dematerialize completely the outer walls of the pavilion so as to push the concept of transparency sandwiched between two horizontal planes. Mies van der Rohes long series of experimentation had as a result the development of a general architectural form, the column-free Miesian pavilion. The pure glass-walled version of the column-free Miesian pavilion would provide the parti for the New National Gallery in Berlin. The commission for a new art gallery in Berlin was an opportunity for Mies to finally build the single-volume clear-span pavilion in its purest form which he had never been able to build before. He was commissioned to construct a much needed permanent home for the modern art collection in the Western part of the then divided city. Though half the size and population of West Berlin, the Eastern part included most of the cultural institutions and the historic centre of the city. It was in this context that the Culture Forum was designed. It was going to be a cluster of buildings dedicated to culture and the fine arts to replace the institutions that had fallen in the eastern part of the post-war city. The New National Gallery was going to be part of it and would epitomize the integration of West Berlin and West Germany into the democratic capitalist system of the West. The site for the new gallery was Kemperplatz, an area between Potsdammer Strasse and the Tiergarten that had once been a busy centre of Berlin life before being destroyed by wartime bombing. Apart from the church of St. Matthews of 1846, nothing was left standing after the war and this unused land that remained would provide the site for the development of Berlins new Culture Forum. The driving idea behind the gallery was the creation of a minimalist, steel and glass, column-free pavilion which would stand as a noble monument in the townscape. In his pursuit for a monument-like feel and uncompromising symmetrical composition, Mies referred to ancient temples such as the Parthenon. The gallery would later on be aptly named and largely known as the temple of light and glass. Once built, it would create a dramatic contrast to the other buildings of the Kulturforum by Hans Scharoun. Whereas Scharoun was much more expressionist, Mies opted for austere geometrical forms that show the structure of the building and let it stand out from, but also connect to its surroundings. Amid the visual tumult of Berlins Culture Forum there reposes a single island of order and tranquillity, the New National Gallery. Mies may have wanted continuity and fluidity between the pavilion and its surroundings. Nonetheless, it was never meant to hide in Berlins busy life, but as previously mentioned, it had to have a monumental form. This prerequisite, along with the inclination of the land encouraged the idea of setting the gallery on a large open terrace. The experience of reaching the entrance further intensifies the gallerys monument-like feel. Wide steps guide the visitor who begins to feel slightly separated from the surrounding city. The feeling intensifies as the visitor walks towards the back and the sloping site starts to fall away on either side. By then, the pavilion sits well above street level, and almost has the tranquillity of the top of a hill and has therefore become psychologically detached from the everyday bustle beneath. This method of detaching a building from its surroundings and raising it as if on a pedestal was often used by Mies van der Rohe, starting with his first project, the Riehl house. This method also gives the building a sense of calm, again referring to the ancient temple on the top of a hill. Sitting on the large open terrace, surrounded by sculptural works of arts, is Miess minimalist pavilion. It is the pinnacle of Miess idea of free space. He eliminated interior columns completely to allow for a large unobstructed space for artists to exhibit their work without any limitations in terms of space. Mies van der Rohe followed the notion he introduced in Barcelona pavilion and any fixed elements in the interior space of the gallery have no load-bearing function. The Tinos marble-faced columns in the New National Gallery provide for ventilation and roof drainage and the gallery is supported by eight slender cruciform columns placed on the outside of the pavilion, two on each side. By completely removing solid walls, Mies wanted to symbolise that space extends beyond the boundaries of the interior. The large spans of glass are set far back from the edge of the roof thus creating the effect of a floating plane. The unique open space created on the upper floor is mainly used for temporary, travelling exhibitions, and is ready to be modified according to changing needs, whilst all the permanent collections are safely hidden in the lower level, away from natural light. The steel and glass podium sits on a colossal subterranean stone pedestal. Though not visible, the lower level is perfectly proportional to the podium above. The lower level, apart from accommodating for the whole of the permanent collection, also includes all of the buildings functional spaces including support and utilitarian rooms. Closed on three sides, the lower floor only opens on the west side, to reveal a quiet outdoor sculpture garden. The garden is enclosed by grey granite walls which separate it from the surrounding bustling city. The floor, paved in granite slabs is another example of Miess pursuit of a flexible space. The slabs are laid loosely on the gravel, ready to be moved into new arrangements if required. With the outdoor garden, Mies created an oasis of calm in a bustling metropolis. Mies van der Rohe firmly believed in appropriate structure. A building, he was convinced, should be a clear and true statement of its times and in the case of the New National Gallery its time was characterised by advanced industrialism. For Mies van der Rohe, a buildings structure should be true to the materials and processes of its time, but also poetic and visible through the building, rather than obscured behind decorative features. Like many architects after the First World War, he wanted to bring the advantages of industrialized production methods to his architecture. He was interested in finding a new material which would allow most parts of the building to be manufactured in a factory, to ensure better quality and eliminate on-site labour. One of the most important features of a design that hoped to achieve transparency sandwiched between two horizontal planes, was the roof. Mies van der Rohe designed a monumental roof which he wanted to have as if floating above the large spans of clear glass. The design was a difficult issue to be negotiated with engineers but also a chance for the architect to bring the post-war industrialised production methods in this project. The roof, being massive, was made in sections. Its thickness is constant and always visible. What varies between sections is the quality of the steel which changes according to the level of pressure sustained by each section. The roof is a fine example of Mies van der Rohes pursuit of true structure. The ceiling, with no false ceiling added to it, also incorporates a black grid of beams which is used as an exhibit surface when the gallery hosts light exhibitions. The colossal roof, 1200 tonnes of steel, was put together and raised in one day. As a whole, the gallerys sharp geometrical structure is a sharp contrast to Scharouns neighbouring Berlin Philharmonic, built only a few years before. Whereas Scharoun was much more expressionist and concealed his structure with organic shapes, eliminating any kind of symmetry, Mies van der Rohe opted to show the structure in every possible way. All these structural and compositional elements form Mies van der Rohes pavilion, his last great design and one of the most important buildings of modern architecture. The New National Gallery may succeed magnificently as a work of art in itself but it has been criticised widely as an exhibition space. In his pursuit of the column-free clear-span pavilion Mies may have compromised certain aspects of the gallery and its functionality as an exhibition space. Whilst the lower ground galleries and the sculpture garden fulfil their purposes admirably , the pavilion above disappoints in significant ways. In the upper floor, light floods the pavilion from its glass walls on all sides and can be regulated by white curtains on three sides. Theres also a lighting system in the roof with warm diffuse light. However, in exhibition spaces, diffused indirect lighting from above is more ideal, modifiable by blinds and electric light only if necessary. The sideways illumination in combination with the lighting from above fails badly. Pictures are inadequately lit and there is a strong glare compromising the visitors comfort in viewing the artwork. The curtains partially eliminate the glare but compromise the gallerys visual transparency which is its strongest feature therefore defeating the purpose of the large spans of glass walls. In his drive for the translucent pavilion, Mies seems to have compromised the viewers comfort and experience of viewing the exhibited artwork. Moreover, the upper pavilion which Mies was so determined to create as a multifunctional space, is not as successful. Though its large-scale is suitable for exhibiting large objects and the side-lighting lights such objects beautifully, the space is unsuitable for smaller paintings. Smaller paintings are lost in the grand scale of the pavilion. It seems that Mies van der Rohes vision of the column-free pavilion fails as an exhibition space. Ironically, the lighting and grand-scale of the upper floor seem to restrict the spaces use to certain types of exhibitions, rather than adding to the infinitely flexible space that Mies van der Rohe envisioned. As a result, this infinitely flexible space turned out to be unfriendly for exhibiting art but Mies was unapologetic. It is such a huge hall that of course it means great difficulties for the exhibiting of art. I am fully aware of that. But it has such potential that I simply cannot take those difficulties into account. He considered the gallery a closed form, perfect in itself and would not allow any modification that would alter its perfectly symmetrical form. For example, when it was proposed to extend the flower floor to gain functional space that was very much needed for the gallery, a change that would in actual fact be invisible, Mies van der Rohe refused to ruin the careful proportions between the two floors. The lack of substantial functional space, and the unwillingness to do anything about it, further demonstrates that Mies compromised the buildings functionality as an exhibition space in his effort to create the perfectly proportional Miesian pavilion. Though the upper floor may not be perfectly suitable for exhibiting and viewing paintings, it is the gallerys primary architectural expression. The building is the result of many gradual steps in Mies van der Rohes journey towards the column-free pavilion and is considered a shining symbol of modern architecture. Here is a 20th Century icon of timeless serenity and composure, its functional imperfections forgotten as one contemplated its majesty as a monument and symbol. The way it sits on its site, its simple yet careful composition, along with its visible structure and use of materials make it a true Berlin monument which expresses the spirit of the industrial time in which it was designed and built. From a must-see tourist attraction and symbol of Berlin in post stamps, to a home for 20th Century European art, Mies van der Rohes last project and all the ideas it embodies represents one of the most important buildings of 20th Century architecture. Buildings such as this will refresh us by awakening all the more mans deep desire for poetic serenity and structural honesty. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe is largely considered as one of the pioneering masters of modern architecture. In every building his intentions are straightforward and his concepts of truth to structures, materials and harmonious composition are stated clearly. By this point in his career, he had developed the ideas he was most passionate about and incorporated them into the New National Gallery. It is with this project that Mies van der Rohe managed to create the column-free pavilion he had been striving for the most of his career. It stands as a monument in its context and embodies his most important principles, thus rendering it as a building of great significance for 20th century architecture.

Tourism: An Attractive Industry For Economic Development

ABSTRACT Tourism is widely recognized as an important catalyst for economic growth. According to the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the tourism industry is amongst the biggest industries that make substantial contribution to the economy in terms of its contribution to the GDP, the revenue generated, increased employment and other benefits. The success of the tourism industry begs the question what are the characteristics that make it an attractive industry for economic growth. In order to respond to this question, this analysis will explore on the various tourist attraction sites including natural and cultural attractions, heritage sites, national and wildlife parks, theme parks, gardens and museums, beaches and coastal regions, and entertainment and events. This will include examining how these attractions contribute to economic development. UK will be used as the case study. INTRODUCTION Tourism is widely recognized as an important catalyst for economic growth. According to the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the tourism industry is amongst the biggest industries that make substantial contributions to the economy in terms of its contribution to the GDP, the revenue generated, increased employment and other benefits (Business tourism 2003). Take for example the UK, the 6th largest destination in the world attracting over 32 million overseas visitors yearly (Williams et al., 2010). UK’s tourism industry is the 5th largest industry and contributes to a large proportion of the GDP. In 2007, the industry was valued at ?114 billion representing 8.2% of GDP and employing over 2.65 million people (Williams et al., 2010). In 2009, the industry was valued at ?115.4 billion of the UK economy, hence representing 8.9% of UK GDP (Williams et al., 2010). The tourism industry is further anticipated to grow yearly at 2.6%, a growth rate similar to that of retail and construction industries (Williams et al., 2010). Indeed, tourism increasingly continues to become an attractive industry for economic growth with an increasing number of visitors. This begs the question what are the characteristics that make tourism an attractive industry for economic developmentThis analysis is thus intended on exploring on these characteristics with a focus on the factors that lead to economic development. Before giving an overview of the fundamental aspects of the economics of tourism, we will first define what we understand by the term â€Å"tourism† WHAT IS TOURISM? The term â€Å"tourism† was first defined by Hunziker and Krapf (1942), the main pioneers of tourism research. They defined tourism as a sum of relations and phenomena that resulted from travelling and staying of non-residents. In this context, a stay does not result into permanent residence of the individual and is not in any way connected to permanent or temporary earning activity. This conceptual definition was for a considerable time generally accepted but had certain flaws. For example, a visit to the hospital could be considered as a form of tourism. Furthermore, under this conceptual definition, non-residents were only identified with foreigners; hence domestic tourism had no place in it. In the later years, a more succinct definition of tourism was put forth by the British Tourism Society. Based on the work of Burkart & Medlik (1974), the British Tourism Society adopted the following definition. Tourism is deemed to be inclusive of any activity concerned with short-term movement of people to destinations other than their neither main continuous domiciles nor place of work (Burkart & Medlik 1974. Within this conceptual definition, activities involving a stay or a visit to the destination are included. It also allows for domestic and day visits as well. This definition still applies up to date. Another conceptual definition that deserves special attention is that put forth by Gilbert (1990). Gilbert (1990) posits that tourism is a part of recreation that involves travelling to other destinations for a short term-period with the aim of satisfying a consumer need. This definition places tourism in the overall context of recreation. Recreation according to Cooper et al. (1993) refers to the pursuits engaged in during leisure time. However, it should be noted that tourism is not only confined to activities carried out during leisure time. Part of the tourism (business tourism in particular) takes place during working time including conventions and business meetings. TOURIST SECTORS Tourism comprise of five main sectors: THE ATTRACTION SECTOR: – this sector comprise of the natural and cultural attractions, heritage sites, national and wildlife parks, theme parks, gardens and museums, beaches and coastal regions, and entertainment and events (Anon 2004). THE ACCOMMODATION SECTOR: – this sector comprise of the hotels, motels, apartments, villas and flats, guest houses, holiday villages, campsites, marinas, touring caravans and condominium timeshares (Anon 2004). THE TRANSPORT SECTOR: – Consists of the airlines, railways, shipping lines, car rental operators, and bus and coach operators (Anon 2004). THE TRAVEL ORGANIZER SECTOR: – the sector covers tour operators, travel agents and incentive travel organizers among others (Anon 2004). THE DESTINATION ORGANIZATION SECTOR: – this includes regional and national tourist offices, local tourist officers and tourism associations (Anon 2004). In order to answer the question: what are the characteristics that make tourism an attractive industry for economic development, we will explore on the attraction sites discussed above. This will also include exploring on business tourism and its contribution to economic development. CULTURAL AND HERITAGE ATTRACTIONS Cultural and heritage attractions play a significant role in the tourism industry. Most of the world heritage sites have a cultural significance that transcend national boundaries and of importance to the present and future generations. Currently, there are 890 world heritage sites reflecting a rich diversity of the world’s cultural heritage (Endresen 1999). In the United Kingdom, sites as diverse such as the Giant’s Causeway, City of Edinburgh, Blaenavon Industrial landscape, and Manchester City help make up the UK’s heritage (UNESCO 2009). In this context, Manchester city, one of the most vibrant cosmopolitan cities has a thriving art and cultural scene that attracts a large number of visitors. The city’s attraction centres include the sports stadiums, museums and galleries, and music venues (UNESCO 2009). The rich cultural heritage, vibrant arts scene and the multicultural population in UK makes it a very attractive tourist destination. Museums which showcase the best of Britain’s culture and history attract millions of international and domestic visitors. Britain’s culture and heritage is estimated to attracting ?4.5 billion worth of spending by inbound visitors annually (UNESCO 2009). NATURAL LANDSCAPE SITES Another popular attractive site in the tourism industry is the natural landscape. Natural landscapes such as Stonehenge, the most famous and mysterious landmark in the UK, attracts a vast number of tourists (Mieczkowski, 1990). Built over 650 years ago and consisting of a ring of monolithic stones, the landmark is a very popular attractive site. Scenic landscapes such as the Wye Valley, an internationally protected landscape straddling the border between Wales and England also attracts a large number of visitors (Mieczkowski, 1990). This area that covers parts of Hertfordshire, Gloucestershire and Monmouthshire is widely recognized for its gorgeous scenery and dense native woodlands as well as for its wildlife and archaeological remains (Mieczkowski, 1990). NATIONAL AND WILDLIFE PARKS National parks also play a huge role in the tourism industry. Britain’s finest national and wildlife parks, zoos and animal attractions such as the Animalarium attract a large number of visitors (Mathieson & Wall 1982). The national parks offer a variety of activities ranging from walking, exploring on the rich and cultural heritage to pursuing other activities such as cycling, rock climbing, and absailing among others (Mathieson & Wall 1982). An estimated 110 million people are estimated to visit national parks in England and Wales annually (UNESCO 2009). ENTERTAINMENT AND EVENTS Entertainment and events also play a major role in the tourism industry. Majority of the concerts and music festivals taking place in the UK attract more than 7.7 million visitors, domestic and overseas combined (ICTHR 2010). The significant amount of revenue generated from entertainment and events is used in boosting the UK’s economy. A great majority of these tourists are UK residents who travel outside of their regions to attend events and see their favourite artists perform live in another region within the UK (ICTHR 2010). London dominates as the destination for live music tourism in the UK. Music tourists at the capital outnumber the local music fans. Its dominance can be attributed to the high number of domestic music tourists attending concerts. With a population of more than 7 million people, the region is host to the O2 Arena, the most successful concert venue in the world (ICTHR 2010). London region is also a host to Wembley stadium and Royal Albert Hall as well (ICTHR 2010). Its parks, mainly Victoria Park, Hyde Park and Clapham are home to a growing number of music festivals (ICTHR 2010). BEACHES AND COASTAL AREAS Beaches and coastal areas are also a huge attraction site for tourists. Tourism in the south of Wales, for example, is primarily focused on the coastal areas in order to attract its visitors. The Welsh tourist industry which is worth ?3.5billion and makes a significant contribution to Wales’ GDP relies largely on its excellent coastal scenery in attracting tourists (Williams, et.al, 2010) BUSINESS TOURISM Another important, yet least acknowledged component of the tourism industry is business tourism. It is one of the most lucrative components of the tourism industry with various benefits that stimulate the growth of the economy. In the UK, business tourism is a wide sector encompassing Conferences and meetings – the British Conference Market Trends Survey 2001 estimates this to be worth around ?7.3 billion annually (Business report 2003). Exhibitions and trade fairs: – these are listed as the 5th largest marketing medium in the UK attracting 11% of the media expenditure and are estimated at ?2.04 billion annually (Business report 2003). Incentive travel: – the value of inbound incentive travel market is estimated to be around ?165 million annually (Business report 2003). Corporate events: – estimates for this segment are between ?700 million and ?1billion annually (Business report 2003). Outdoor events: – a rough estimate of the outdoor events is around ?1billion annually (Business report 2003). In the past few decades, business tourism has grown significantly exceeding the overall tourism growth rate. According to the International Passenger Survey 2001, business tourism accounted for 29.7% of all overseas visitors to the UK and 31.7% of the inbound earnings (Business report 2003). From what can be discerned, investment in business tourism can significantly stimulate the growth of the economy. It may lead to regeneration of urban and inner cities as evident with Birmingham, Glasgow, Cardiff, Belfast and Manchester (Business report 2003). Its resilience during the great recession makes it even more an attractive industry for investment. The business tourism proved resilient, being less affected by economic downturns and by disasters such as the Foot and Mouth Epidemic unlike leisure tourism (Business report 2003). With the above in mind, it is worthy examining some of the main elements that make attractions to be appealing to many. CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURIST ATTRACTIONS It is important to recognize that tourists’ attractions are not all equal. Some may have more potential to draw visitors than others. The main elements that set attractions apart include quality, uniqueness, authenticity, drawing power and activity options. QUALITY: – high quality is a key principle for tourism development. This means offering smooth customer oriented operations and procedures and ensuring that attractions have a pleasing appearance and that they are visitor friendly (Merchant 2005). This includes asking these questions Is the attraction visitor friendly .How does it rate in terms of the appearance, hospitality, operations and resource protection AUTHENTICITY: – authenticity refers to originality. For example, if it is a cultural heritage attraction, authenticity would imply letting the distinctive local flavour of the community to shine in ways that create a â€Å"sense of place†(Merchant 2005). We can consider: Whether the attraction reflects the natural and cultural heritage of the community UNIQUENESS: – this is the â€Å"edge† that sets attraction apart from competition. It involves asking the fundamental question: Is the attraction unique Take for example, The London Eye which is sitting on the South Bank of River Thames. Hanging like a gigantic wheel, this landmark is instantly recognizable. It is currently the biggest Ferris wheel in Europe standing 135 metres high and supported by a giant A-frame which juts the spindle (UNESCO 20090. This makes it unique from other Ferris wheels which use two A-frames and axle support method. DRAWING POWER: – this is a measurement on the power to attract a large number of visitors (Merchant 2005). ACTIVITY OPTIONS: – this is an important characteristic of attractions (Merchant 2005). It involves assessing whether the attraction site offer a varied and changing set of activities. CONCLUSION Indeed, tourism is an attractive industry for economic development. Major attraction sites including the scenic landscapes, cultural and heritage sites, national and wildlife parks, landmarks, theme parks, gardens and museums, beaches and coastal regions, and entertainment among others attract a large number of visitors. There is no doubt that the industry contributes to a large proportion of the GDP and is responsible for employing millions of people. This makes it an important industry for investment. (2,070 words) REFERENCES Anon, 2004. Economic characteristics of the tourism sector, http://v5.books.elsevier.com/bookscat/samples/9780750666374/9780750666374.PDF {Accessed 21st January 2012} Burkart, A.J. and S. Medlik, 1974. Tourism. Past, Present and Future. London: Heinemann. Cooper, C., J. Fletcher, D. Gilbert and S. Wanhill, 1993. Tourism. Principles & Practice. London: Pitman Publishing. Business tourism partnership report, 2003. Business tourism briefing: an overview of the UK’s business tourism industry. London http://www.businesstourismpartnership.com/pubs/briefing.pdf {Accessed 20th January 2012} Endresen, K., 1999. Sustainable tourism and cultural heritage: A review of development assistance and its potential to promote sustainability http://www.nwhf.no/files/File/culture_fulltext.pdf {Accessed 20th January 2012} Gilbert, D.C., 1990. â€Å"Conceptual issues in the meaning of tourism†. In: C.P. Cooper (ed.), Progress in Tourism, Recreation and Hospitality Management, Vol. 2. London: Pitman Publishing. Hunziker, W. & k. Krapf, 1942. Grundriss der Allgemeinen Fremdenverkehrslehre. Zurich: Polygraphischer Verlag International Centre for Tourism and Hospitality Research (ICTHR), 2010. The contribution of music festivals and major concerts to tourism in the UK. London: Bournemouth University. http://www.ukmusic.org/assets/media/UK%20Music%20-Music%20Tourism.pdf{Accessed 22nd January 2012} Mathieson, A. and G. Wall, 1982. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts. London: Longman. Merchant, R., 2005. Tourism attraction characteristics. Community tourism handbook: Minnesota Extension. http://nercrd.psu.edu/entrepreneur_what_works_wksp/Handouts/MerchantCharacteristics23.pdf {Accessed 20th January 2012} Mieczkowski, Z., 1990. World Trends in Tourism and Recreation. New York. UNESCO, 2009. World heritage sites. http://www.unesco.org.uk/world_heritage_sites {Accessed 20th January 2012} Williams, et.al, 2010. An assessment of UK heritage coasts in South Wales: J A steers revisited. Journal of Coastal Research. http://www.griffith.edu.au/conference/ics2007/pdf/ICS087.pdf {Accessed 20th January 2012}

The Nuiances of The German Ideology Essay Topics

The Nuiances of The German Ideology Essay Topics The Key to Successful the German Ideology Essay Topics Ideology is the lens whereby somebody views the world. To put it differently, It isn't consciousness which determines existence, it's existence which determines consciousness. In this manner, the nature of the lacunar discourse is what isn't told (but is suggested). It is crucial to understand that for Marx alienation is not only an issue of subjective feeling, or confusion. What You Should Do to Find Out About the German Ideology Essay Topics Before You're Left Behind The events that caused the unification of Italy and Germany. The radical movement in the usa met with problems and support. In most instances, certainly not. France and subsequently the usa. Nevertheless we're left with an extremely rich text on the essence of alienated labour. However, get ready to cope with a few challenges that are usually faced by writer having to handle an essay about nationalism. Additionally, the simple fact that Marx delayed publication of a lot of his writings meant that is been only lately that scholars had the chance to appreciate Marx's intellectual stature. This isn't to say that interesting and provocative ideas can't be extracted from these types of fragments of polemic but rather that there's a contextual and interpretive disjunction in doing this. From the above mentioned, it's clear that there's no agreed definition of what ideology is. Nationalism helped to unite people with a mutual history and culture. Their ideology proved to be an ideal world. The dominant ideology is made and shaped by people who have power (for Marx, those who have the way of production). Not everybody follows every one of the tenets of a particular ideology. Althusser also proffered the idea of the ideological state apparatus to spell out his theory of ideology. There are an endless number of beliefs, so ideologies ought to be infinite too. If you're hesitating about what theme to select, consult with the history of your favourite country and discover out about its ideology. What's the nativist approach in regard to child language acquisition. Both the financial structure and the evolution of the productive forces appear to have explanatory priority over each other. What the worker gained in the capability to buy because of higher wages, in addition, he lost in the capability to get a number of the things he now took part in producing. The character of individuals is dependent upon the material conditions determining their production. The 30-Second Trick for the German Ideology Essay Topics The main aim of topic choice for a proposal essay is to demonstrate t he idea can be put into place in practice. Utilizing appropriate words in an academic essay 3 not signify that informal language play a major part in the evolution of an academic essay. We will be able to help you go for an essay topic according to the degree of education. If you have selected the correct topic, but don't understand how to compose your essay, we recommend you to acquire our writing help. Additionally, you can capture reader attention with the aid of funny essay topics. Informative essays are somewhat more descriptive. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. Therefore, take care when picking a topic for your controversial essay. the German Ideology Essay Topics - Is it a Scam? People started to get clothes, instead of making their own. VIII Social life is basically practical. They are called constant capital. Bringing increasingly more into it. For instance, in college, you might be requested to compose a paper from the opposing perspective. On a single hand, Late Neoliberalism tells us we don't have any future, and there isn't any hope. Chance variation would be an issue of individuals trying out new types of financial relations. The reply to this is there is nothing like it anywhere else. The true struggle is between different classes to get dominion in order to symbolize its interest as an illusion of the overall interest. An individual's thoughts tend to get shaped by their political and financial conditions. Topics are broken up into categories in order to produce your choice simpler. Really showing here that world history isn't the work of some metaphysical shift in sphereology, but instead the end result of material transaction.

The Sociological Aspect of Obesity Essay - 7419 Words

The Sociological Aspect of Obesity ABSTRACT Much has been written to explain the medical aspect of obesity but little attention has been paid to understanding the sociological aspect of the epidemic. This research attempts to understand the sociological aspect of obesity by examining the socio-cultural, gender, and psycho-social effects and includes the different perceptions of the epidemic as well as what is deemed acceptable in the society we live in. In the American culture, obesity is seen as a bodily abnormality and deviance that should be corrected. Obesity has indeed become one of the most stigmatizing bodily characteristics in our culture (Brink, 1994). In the Western culture, thinness does not just mean the size of the†¦show more content†¦Based on background information, a central hypothesis was developed that obesity is an ongoing, gendered and embodied cultural process that has harmful consequences for the obese individual (e.g. Harjunen, 20022003). The various social implications of obesity will be explored via interviews (with obese people or former obese people) conducted and the surveys taken of people in the Boston area. Introduction The purpose of this paper is to study the social aspect of obesity and an individuals personal experience of being fat. I understand obesity as a socially and politically meaningful divergence that is analogous to other significant differences based on the body, for example: disability, gender, and ethnicity (ef. Cooper, 19971998; Young, 1990). In my research, I approach obesity as a discursive category that is created, produced and reproduced through various social practices, such as: medicine and health care system, school, religion, and the media (e.g. Foucault, 1979). I claim that in American culture, a thin body is held as the original, normal body; whereas obesity is viewed as a `temporary disruption to the balance of the body. According to our cultural understanding, an obese body is viewed as being in the process of constant transformation. The idea of a permanently fat person is unacceptable and an obese body must be standardized and normalized. The goal is to transform andShow MoreRelatedThe term Sociological Imagination was coined by C. Wright Mills and refers to seeing sociological700 Words   |  3 PagesThe term Sociological Imagination was coined by C. Wright Mills and refers to seeing sociological situations from a broad point of view, going beyond one’s thoughts and feelings, and by seeing it how others would see it. In the textbook Introduction to Sociology by Giddens, et. al Mills argued that we needed to â€Å"overcome our limited perspective†¦[and have] a certain quality of mind that makes it possible to understand t he larger meaning of our experiences† (4). Therefore one should look at the overallRead MoreEnvironmental Influences On Childhood Obesity1717 Words   |  7 Pages Why is it Sociological Social? Obesity has become a large and dark reality in United States. For someone who does not have sociological imagination being overweight is the result of bad personal choices or genetic predisposition. (Crosnoe) Cultural beliefs and practices related to food and feeding vary among ethnic groups, and these differences may contribute to different patterns of obesity in children and youth, related to their ethnicity. As described in the epidemiological overview show higherRead MoreObesity: a Sociological Epidemic Essay2425 Words   |  10 PagesObesity: A Sociological Epidemic Abstract The sociological aspect of obesity shown through the impact of families, the government and the economy. The rapidly growing, fast-paced, technological society creates an epidemic of sorts. Families pursue the use of technology, restaurants and fast-paced eating as well as single parenting and parental denial. The government sets a significant health care cost to obesity, which prevents a solution and increases risks. A non-stable economy brings aboutRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination Essay1065 Words   |  5 PagesPaper Grade: 75 / C The Sociological Imagination The sociological imagination is an idea or a way of thinking that interlocks an individual in a society with the society as a whole. Most people refer to sociology as the study of how people or individuals interact with each other. In order to fully understand sociology and the concept of the sociological imagination as proposed by C. Wright Mills, one has to be able to envision the individual and the society working together to better understandRead MoreObesity : A Huge Problem1318 Words   |  6 PagesIn our society, obesity in children becomes a huge problem because around one third of all of the children and adolescence in USA are suffering from it. More importantly, those numbers keep increasing. Jack Shonkoff, MD mentions that children who are obese are at greater risk for diabetes, later hypertension of heart disease, asthma and a variety of other health problems (HBO Docs, 2012). Francis Collins also emphasizes that obesity puts children at greater risk of cancer and brai n diseases laterRead MoreThe Importance of Studying Sociology1106 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween each other to develop a suggestions and appropriate measures. For example public policies that affect our public spaces, how we design our cities or a mass media campaign to get people to change their health habits such as obesity, those are examples of a sociological interventions, that took in account the whole structure around the individual because by changing this structures we can change the individuals. Institutions are controlling our behaviour by the establishment of their policies.Read MoreThe Weekly Seminars Of Food, Culture, And Society With Nine Different Speakers967 Words   |  4 Pagesinteresting to see how even the slightest marketing technique could influence our food choices. Because food industries attempt to and is successive at making us believe that obesity is caused by sedative life style predominantly, we often to choose eat foods that are more tasteful, easy, a nd quick leading to increase in population obesity. It is also rather funny how when the same dish was labeled pasta or salad, that most perceived the dish labeled salad to be healthier without second doubt according toRead MoreObesity And The World Health Organization1701 Words   |  7 Pagesliving continue to boost, weight increase and obesity are posing a rising threat to certain well-beings in countries all over the world. Obesity, now confirmed as a nationwide endemic by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), is likely to get worse and amplify over time. â€Å"The World Health Organization (WHO) predicts there will be 2.3 billion overweight adults in the world by 2015 and more than 700 million of them will be obese† (Obesity: in Statistics, 2008, 2nd Statement). It is definiteRead MoreEssay on The Globalisation of Obesity3544 Words   |  15 Pagesoften been observed that obesity follows a socioeconomic gradient which adversely affects the poor. This pa per proposes the outline of a sociological theory of obesity as a consequence of ‘globalisation factors, such as labour market deregulation. Forced to work longer hours – and with lower levels of job-security – workers in low paid jobs have fewer opportunities to burn calories, and are more likely to consume fast-food. This combination has led to higher levels of obesity among the poor in countriesRead MoreSociological Perspective : Drug Use And Addiction969 Words   |  4 PagesSociological Perspective: Drug Use and Addiction The use and misuse of illicit drugs in today’s society can be blamed on both individual, and societal factors. With the use of societal factors researchers can show the effect for a larger population, and provide better information of the population. Blaming the individual for developing the addiction will not fix issues that lie in society that worked against the individual, the underlying issues of poverty and addiction, many scholarly articles

Dirty Tolerance Laws, Bad Schools And Schools Is Failing...

bad schools, bad polices and police fuel the school to prison pipeline It is estimated that 3.3 million children annually are expelled or suspended for violent or non violent offenses while attending school school. The majority of the offenses are nonviolent offenses that are handled just as harshly as violent school infractions due to zero tolerance laws. This essay will show how how zero tolerance laws, bad schools and policing in schools is failing millions of minority students and fueling the school to prison pipeline. the school to prison pipe line according to the national civil Liberties union â€Å"refers to policies and practices that push our nations schoolchildren, especially at risk minority black and Latino students, out of classrooms and into the juvenile and criminal justice systems† by way of harsh and vague discriminatory and punitive actions as many zero tolerance disciplinary policies and practices treat non-violent, a as well as violent offenses equally when it comes to expelling and suspending the mostly minority studen ts impacted by the policy..(www.aclu.org) Bad schools Zero tolerance laws Zero tolerance laws are enforcement policies that started in the 2008 as a â€Å"kids for cash† scandal and later after the columbine shooting the law went nationwide as a means to keep school students safe from violent school children who carry guns, knives and other dangerous weapons. 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They required little use of a worker’s skills.1 Ford’s management approach increased efï ¬ ciency and reduced costs by so much that by 1920 he was able to reduce the price of a car by two-thirds and to sell more than 2 million cars a year.2 Ford became the leading car company in the world, and competitors rushed to adopt the new mass-production techniques. The next change in management thinking about car assembly occurred in Japan when Ohno Taiichi, a Toyota productionRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagessterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subject of organisational theory. Whilst their writing is accessible and engaging, their approach is scholarly and serious. It is so easy for students (and indeed others who should know better) to trivialize this very problematic and challenging subject. This is not the case with the present book. This is a book that deserves to achieve a wide readership. 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Permission is hereby given for the material in this publication to be reproduced for OHP transparencies and student handouts, without express permission of the Publishers, for educational purposes only. In all other cases, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical

Invisible Man Character Analysis Free Essays

Character Analysis of Griffin H. G. Wells character Griffin in The Invisible man is a private person who displays his arrogance and selfishness throughout his speech, actions, and interaction with others. We will write a custom essay sample on Invisible Man Character Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Griffin is a character of few words although still conveying a bold personality throughout his actions we learn about his selfish, arrogant mentality. As the quote goes â€Å"actions speak louder than words†. The persona of Griffin proves this right. Through his actions The Invisible Man’s being is revealed and ripped apart to show his selfish, arrogant personality. The very first action that sets the entire tone for this novel is the act of Griffin turning himself invisible. Griffin’s studies in this field were not very advanced up to this point. He had done some experiments on inanimate objects and even animals but never to a human. At first Griffin thinks of being invisible as being super human which he states â€Å"To do such a thing would be to transcend magic. And I beheld, unclouded by doubt, a magnificent vision of all that invisibility might mean to a man, -the mystery, the power, the freedom. Drawbacks I saw none. You have only to think! And I, a shabby, poverty-struck, hemmed-in demonstrator, teaching fools in a provincial college, might suddenly become-this. † Griffin, the Invisible Man never thought of the downfall that comes with the glory of experimenting on himself. Throughout the entire story Griffin is living with his mistake becoming a superficial human and doing whatever gets his personal gain. Experimenting without further studies shows Griffin’s risk taking personality of wanting the reward before the work. As The Invisible Man enters the story he is settling down in the Inn owned by Mr. and Mrs. Hall after arriving Griffin soon realizes that he left his entire life’s work in the downward part of Iping several hours away. Instead of Griffin doing this on his own he directly reveals himself to Mr. Marvel threatening him to retrieve his work. Griffin having no connection with Mr. Marvel and really no boundary of trust other than his black mail of killing him displays his risky, hungry for power mentality perfectly. Actions may speak louder than words but dialect will always still display the integrity of a character as done perfectly with short and to the point sentences done by H. G. Wells. Griffin’s dialect is direct and arrogant added with the mastery of subtle speech his character comes to life displaying his selfish, arrogant attitude. Right from the starting chapter you get a taste of Griffins arrogant and selfish attitude. Griffin in need of a room in Mr. and Mrs. Hall’s inn without prior relations demands a room free of charge, with his attire and attitude Griffin seems dangerous to which the inn keepers agree to his command. The way he is so straight forward in his own ways to provide shelter for himself display his thoughts of others as very cut throat. Throughout this tale Griffin never shows the human emotion of empathy or understanding for anyone but himself. It is apparent that he understands these emotions by artificially displaying them for personal gain. Kemp, an associate of Griffin during his early years before he turned himself invisible comes in towards the story while Griffin shows he really doesn’t want anything from Kent but help on turning himself back he tells him â€Å"Alone, there is so little I can do, but with a confederate, a thousand things are possible. † This quote displays that Griffin understands how to get to people and use them for the time being to only better his life, showing his selfishness. Griffin’s speech is a display of his personality but his treatment of other characters also displays his arrogance and selfishness. Griffin’s indirect but private sociable skills with others delve into his character and display just how arrogant and selfish he is. Griffin’s ability to keep his relationship with others is always ruined by him leading to hatred from many people during the story and show casing his selfishness. For example Griffin’s colleague Kemp throughout his college years was his best friend who throughout the years could read Griffin like a book revealing his greediness even before his experiment of turning invisible. Griffin seems to not even acknowledge his own ways in which is common for these two traits. In the first chapter you can already form an opinion of Griffin as he walks into the Inn demanding a room and throughout his entire stay he is rude, demanding and extremely selfish towards the well beings of others staying up making a ruckus, using vulgar language and being confrontational about his own disturbances give an image of Griffin being arrogant. Griffin treats others as unequal through his extreme selfishness and arrogance his character forms. H. G. Wells character Griffin in The Invisible man is a private person who displays his arrogance and selfishness throughout his speech, actions, and interaction with others How to cite Invisible Man Character Analysis, Essay examples

Significance of Cyber Security for Business-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Challenges in Cyber Security for Business. Answer: Introduction With the evolution of Technology, challenges and opportunities are also continued to evolve. The current society is highly dependent upon the digital technology and Internet in order to deal with almost all basic activities of everyday life. Hence, we are highly dependent upon the application of Technology. Alongside the positive aspects of this technology there are several threats that the society has to deal with in order to ensure smooth overall functioning. The rise of Cybercrime is one of the major threats to the use of digital Internet technology. As all the business operational activities are dependent upon Internet technology, the rise of Cybercrime cases has been a major threat to the business operations. The matters related to cyber security have become one of the crucial issues of worldwide business. The threat of the cyber security is associated with the risk of financial data breaches that can ultimately cause financial loss to all the major companies. As the technology has helped in optimisation of business operation, the simultaneous rise of cyber security threats has been a major challenge for all multinational corporations across the globe. Hence it is important to analyse the security threats that are associated with use of digital Internet technology in business in order to ensure maximum possible safety. Project Overview The current project will discuss about the major challenges that all business operations in the current days have to face due to rise of cyber security. This is the major reason for financial loss for many organisations. The project will aim to discuss about the existing literature related to cyber security crime that has compromised account the business operational activities. Project Scope The project will initially discuss about the opportunities in business that are generally associated with implication of digital technology. The key area of focus will be upon the challenges that all major business operations have encountered in the past due to Cybercrime. Some practical examples will be provided from previous research work. All the relevant literature of the topic will be discussed in the project. Finally, some important suggestions will be provided that will help to resolve the issue related to cyber security for business operations that is usually achieved by maximizing the level of digital security. Relevant articles that were published after 2010 will be selected for this literature review. Literature Review Definition of cyber security As new opportunities are being generated with the improvement of Technology, Wang, et al. (2010), have mentioned that there are always some threats that are simultaneously associated with these new opportunities. The threat of malware and virus has originated almost since the dawn of computing. The exposure of sensitive data in the cyber world has attracted various criminal activities throughout past many years. With the penetration of internet, it is estimated that nearly 3.4 billion users all across the globe is connected with the help of Internet service (Choo 2011). This has been the major cause of rise of Cyber-crimes across multiple disciplines that expand from hardware and software. In order to counter the increasing threat of Cybercrime, the technological experts all across the globe have initiated the practice of cyber security that is mainly aims to provide high level of security software that may not allow the hackers or cyber security experts to breach the level of safety . Hay et al. (2011), have mentioned that cyber security has been improving with the progress of digital technology. This is mainly done to neutralize the threats encountered by major business organisations all across the globe. As more business Corporation all across the globe is implementing the use of digital technology in business operational activities, it is expected that the total number of cases of Cybercrimes will significantly rise. Hence it is essential, to raise the level of awareness among the people in order to minimise that threat that can compromise on cyber security and improve its practice. Threats related to ransomware The research paper of Cardenas et al. (2009), have highlighted up on the risks associated with ransomware, which is a type of Malware software from crypto virology. This type of software is a major threat to all business activities as it has the potential to breach all classified information of a business organisation that can compromise upon the quality of the business plan. The major type of ransomware Malware can prevent the access of the user to deny their system by blocking the system screen. They can also deny the access to the digital files that are encrypted. The prediction made by the McAfee Labs in 2017, suggest that ransomware can be a major threat in the current and upcoming years for all major business organisations. Cyber criminals not only deny the access of company's own files that are stored in the cloud, it also demands high level of payment in order to free the victims from the threat of data breach. Elmaghraby and Losavio (2014), have mentioned that ransomware is becoming a fast cyber security threat for all business organisations with almost 40%of all global companies encountering this threat. This ransomware has been one of the most popular ways of attacking business and other large scale organisations. The ransom, who has designed the application of ransomware, can demand up to $50,000 from the business operations in order to relieve them from the cyber risks. A research report suggests that nearly 50% of the companies in UK, who has encountered the threat of ransomware, have agreed to pay up on the amount. However in America, 97% of the companies, who got attacked by ransomware did not eventually pay the amount. On the other hand 75% of the Canadian company has been reported to a ransom the amount for neutralizing the security threat (Li et al. 2012). This amount that is paid by business operations from all the major nations of the globe has been a cause of financial loss. This is one of the major challenges that the cyber security has to encounter in current days. Threat from Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks This type of thread is associated with multiple system flood of bandwidth, of resource targeted system in one or more web server users. This type of attack is mainly encountered when multiple level of system are being compromised due to high level of Internet traffic. There are special commands designed by cyber criminals in order to change the protocol of digital data base without the owner being aware about the fact. This can also deny introduction of new connection in the digital platform as currently most of the digital platforms are being burdened with high level of information (Jajodia et al. 2011). Large scale organizations like the BBC have been one of the major victims of DDoS attacks that have not allowed the users all across the globe to access their website. As a result the companys website cannot be accessed by the public causing a major social issue. In the current year there are a significant increase over the cases related to DDoS as more than 10 million cases of diff erent scales have been reported in all across the globe (Ericsson 2010). It is believed to be one of the easiest ways for the hackers to disturb the business operational activities. As the normal functioning of business organisations are being disrupted, it is not possible for them to communicate with customers. The online service quality is also highly compromised due to the fact that the clients are not able to get proper information about the business. The reputation of the business due to compromising of their online activities can go down significantly as the pace of their operational activities get significantly slower. In many cases business organisations are dependent upon financial transaction through online services. Due to DDoS, these financial transactions are ceased, thereby causing serious capital loss for the company. Threat in the Internet of Things (IOT) and Mobile malware It is estimated that there will be nearly 1.8 billion connected mobile devices among all consumers across the globe by the year 2019 (Choo 2010). With the large number of users being connected for business purposes, it will easily attract hackers and malware practitioners to easily breach the level of internet connection. The Internet of things is easily able to connect the mobile devices for business transaction process. This is believed to be one of the major progresses of mobile computing in business. With the latest electronic software and sensors being able to connect and exchange important data, there is a higher risk associated due to cyber security threats as the data can be misused by the hackers. The privacy threat is also one of the major concerns in this context as the mobile devices may contain important personal information of a business person. The mobile devices that are being sold in the digital market are mainly associated with the threat of Internet of things. The mobile devices also allow the manager and workers of a business organisation to easily communicate among themselves. There are also classified meetings held with the help of video conference using the mobile devices. With the threat in Internet of things, there is the risk that the information within the business communication may be leaked to the public domain. According to Lam (2016), with increased number of smartphone users all across the globe, large scale business organisations are dependent upon mobile computing as a part of their business plan. The E-Commerce form of business is one of the popular ways that business has developed in recent times the application of mobile technology. Nevertheless with increased level of mobile computing in business along with increased number of smartphone users, implication of mobile malwares has been one of them major source of threats. It is reported that the total number of mobile Malware attacks have risen 3 times within the past 2 years. There have been approximately 8.5 million mobile Malware cases that have been reported in this time (Liu and Wong 2017). Depending upon mobile banking for all major financial transaction has been one of the major advantages of business process in recent. It is also possible to make all financial transaction across different parts of the globe for multinational corporations with the help of mobile banking. Mrmol et al. (2016), have mentioned in the context that Trojans is one of the major mobile ransomware that has increased by 1.6 times in recent times that have able to hack all the major financial information from mobile banking service. Threats from internal sources Most of the cyber security threats that are encountered by business organisation are from external agents that includes all hackers and malware practitioners. Nevertheless, it has been reported that large scale corporations have also encounter cyber security threat from internal agents, which is also one of the major challenge in this context. The IBM has been one of the worst victims of internal cyber security threat in 2016. It has been found that 60% of internal classified data are being leaked to public domain, which has compromised upon the business blueprint planning process. It was believed that the internal employees have been an expert of Malware practicing which has allowed them to leak vital company information public domain in exchange of high financial transactions. He et al. (2016), believes that the cyber security threat from internal source is likely to go up in the upcoming years. This will mainly occur due to the fact that there will be high level of competition among business organisations, which will enforce them to employ unethical policies in the form of internal cyber security threats to get vital company information. Hence it is important for the organisation to provide high level of training to the employees in order to identify potential Malware activities within the internal operational department. Risk of fake advertisement and information With the rise of digital technology, there has been a significant rise of popularity of digital form of marketing. This is one of the popular ways implemented by all scale business firms in order to carry out their promotional activities by providing vital information to the target customer groups. Online advertising through various digital media platforms are the popular ways of using digital marketing. Cross et al. (2017), in this context have mentioned about the risks that are associated with fake advertisement that are often being published by hackers in order to misguide the customers. Few of the common examples include, fake advertisement in the name of Banking service which convinces the customers to provide detail about the bank account and credit card information which can then be easily hacked by the cyber criminals in order to gain the access for financial transactions. Fake advertisements can also use the logo of reputed brand in order to provide false information to the public thereby compromising upon the level of security and brand image of the company (Herrera et al. 2017). Ways to overcome that cyber security threat for business In order to ensure smooth functioning of business transaction process and make best use of the mobile computing and digital technology it is important for all major business corporations to neutralize the cyber security threat and minimise the risk that are associated. Harris and P. Patten (2014), have suggested an important step in order to reduce the risk of internal threat of Cybercrime. This process includes going back to the basics while providing training to the Employees that can help them to identify potential threats from Malware practitioners. Most of the companies are dependent upon online portals that can help their employees to provide operational functions. It is essential that the portals can only be accessed by authorised users and it can only be accessed from the internal server of the company. Keeping individual security password for all employees is also an essential part and once an employee leave the organisation, it is important to change the password in order to deny the access for ex-employees. It is also the duty of the company to employee special security team, who will have high level of expertise in order to neutralize the threats imposed by hackers and malware practitioners. It is also important for the security team to provide the access for all the digital platforms of the company in order to ensure that they are able to provide best quality of security service. With the help of the use of latest security software, it is possible for the organizations to make best use of the application of mobile computing in business operation process. Conclusion In conclusion it is important to note that with the Rise of the use of Internet and digital technology for business operational activities, there is a huge risk that are associated due to the activities of Cyber threat from hackers and malware practitioners. Most of the online cyber criminals use special software like ransomware in order to get vital company information and get the access of financial transaction process. Has more number of companies are dependent upon mobile computing; there has been a significant rise of total number of cases related to Cybercrimes that has affected the business process in past many years. The current literature has also focused upon the importance of the intervention measures that can be adopted by implementing latest security software in order to minimise the risk that are associated with cybercrimes. It is essential that the future research work to focus upon implementing improved security measures to minimise the risks associated with cybercrime. Reference Harris, M. and P. Patten, K., 2014. Mobile device security considerations for small-and medium-sized enterprise business mobility. Information Management Cardenas, A., Amin, S., Sinopoli, B., Giani, A., Perrig, A. and Sastry, S., 2009, July. Challenges for securing cyber physical systems. In Workshop on future directions in cyber-physical systems security (Vol. 5). Choo, K.K.R., 2010. Cloud computing: challenges and future directions. Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal justice, (400), p.1. Choo, K.K.R., 2011. The cyber threat landscape: Challenges and future research directions. Computers Security, 30(8), pp.719-731. Cross, S., Graves, J.T., Lens, J., Mueller, M., Pair, S., Sinema, K., Swire, P. and Worley, C., 2017. Cyber MayDay: Who Is in Command When Your Business is in the Crosshairs and How Do You Respond?. Elmaghraby, A.S. and Losavio, M.M., 2014. Cyber security challenges in Smart Cities: Safety, security and privacy. Journal of advanced research, 5(4), pp.491-497 Ericsson, G.N., 2010. Cyber security and power system communicationessential parts of a smart grid infrastructure. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 25(3), pp.1501-1507. Hay, B., Nance, K. and Bishop, M., 2011, January. Storm clouds rising: security challenges for IaaS cloud computing. In System Sciences (HICSS), 2011 44th Hawaii International Conference on (pp. 1-7). IEEE. He, H., Maple, C., Watson, T., Tiwari, A., Mehnen, J., Jin, Y. and Gabrys, B., 2016, July. The security challenges in the IoT enabled cyber-physical systems and opportunities for evolutionary computing other computational intelligence. In Evolutionary Computation (CEC), 2016 IEEE Congress on (pp. 1015-1021). IEEE. Herrera, A.V., Ron, M. and Rabado, C., 2017, June. National cyber-security policies oriented to BYOD (bring your own device): Systematic review. In Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI), 2017 12th Iberian Conference on (pp. 1-4). IEEE. Jajodia, S., Ghosh, A.K., Swarup, V., Wang, C. and Wang, X.S. eds., 2011. Moving target defense: creating asymmetric uncertainty for cyber threats (Vol. 54). Springer Science Business Media. Lam, J., 2016, June. IIET: Cyber security in modern power systems-Protecting large and complex networks. In Cyber Security in Modern Power Systems, IET (pp. 1-12). IET. Li, X., Liang, X., Lu, R., Shen, X., Lin, X. and Zhu, H., 2012. Securing smart grid: cyber attacks, countermeasures, and challenges. IEEE Communications Magazine, 50(8). Liu, F. and Wong, M., 2017. Challenges of Cyber Security and a Fundamental Way to Address Cyber Security. Cybersecurity and Privacy-Bridging the Gap, p.189. Mrmol, F.G., Prez, M.G. and Prez, G.M., 2016, July. I dont trust ICT: Research challenges in cyber security. In IFIP International Conference on Trust Management (pp. 129-136). Springer International Publishing. Wang, E.K., Ye, Y., Xu, X., Yiu, S.M., Hui, L.C.K. and Chow, K.P., 2010, December. Security issues and challenges for cyber physical system. In Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE/ACM Int'l Conference on Green Computing and Communications Int'l Conference on Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (pp. 733-738). IEEE Computer Society.